音標是標記英語讀音的符號,是英語的最小語音單位。英語的發(fā)音是由元音與輔音結(jié)合構(gòu)成音節(jié)形成發(fā)音。由此英語音標分為元音和輔音兩大類。 元音什么是元音? 元音是一種有聲音,發(fā)音時,用舌頭和嘴唇使口腔定形,聲帶振動。同時氣流從肺沖出來,經(jīng)過氣管進入口腔,在口腔中不受到任何發(fā)音氣管的阻礙。 下面是英式英語中20個元音如何發(fā)音示意圖:
元音根據(jù)其口腔發(fā)音部位、發(fā)音長短、構(gòu)成要素可進行三種分類,下面一一加以介紹。 元音分類1:前元音、中元音和后元音根據(jù)元音發(fā)音過程中舌頭在口腔中抬起的部位不同,我們可以把元音分為前元音、中元音和后元音。 1、Front(前元音)The front vowels in English are the vovels that are articulated near the front of the oral cavitv,such as: 發(fā)前元音時,發(fā)音部位靠近口腔前部。例如:
2、Central(中元音):The central vovels in English are the vovels that are articulated near the center of the vocal cavity,such as: 發(fā)中元音時,發(fā)音部位靠近口腔中部。例如:
3、Back(后元音):The back vovels in English are the vowels that are articulated near the rear of the vocal cavity,such as: 發(fā)后元音時,發(fā)音部位靠近口腔后部。例如:
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1. /e?/ gay ; | 2. /a?/ kite ; |
3. /??/ boy ; | 4. /a?/ mouth ; |
5. /??/ load ; | 6. /??/ hear ; |
7. /e?/ fair ; | 8. /??/ tour . |
In articulating a Monophthong,the vowel-sound doesn't change in quality throughout the course of a syllable.The other vowels in English are relatively Monophthongs.
發(fā)單元音時,在一個音節(jié)的發(fā)音過程中不改變音質(zhì)。英語中其他元音均為單元音。例如:
1. /i?/ bee ; | 2. /?/ hit ; |
3. /e/ bed ; | 4. /?/ bad ; |
5. /??/ work ; | 6. /?/ leader ; |
7. /?/ but ; | 8. /u?/ moon ; |
9. /?/ look ; | 10. /??/ war ; |
11. /?/ lot ; | 12. /ɑ?/ hard . |
根擾元音的長短,我們可以把元音分為長元音和短元音。
In articulating a short vowel,the vowel-sound is sustained a short duration,such as:
發(fā)短元音時,聲音持續(xù)時間較短。例如:
1. /?/ pig ; | 2. /e/ let ; |
3. /?/ map ; | 4. /?/ hot ; |
5. /?/ mud ; | 6. /?/ good ; |
7. /?/ about . |
In articulating a long vowel,the vowel-sound is sustained a long duration.The other vowels in English are relatively long.
發(fā)長元音時,聲音持續(xù)時間較長。英語中其他元音均為長元音。例如:
1. /i?/ bee ; | 2. /??/ work ; |
3. /ɑ?/ hard ; | 4. /??/ war ; |
5. /u?/ moon; |
什么是輔音?
發(fā)音時,氣流在聲道上受到單個或幾個發(fā)音器官(包括雙唇、牙齒、舌頭、咽喉等)阻擋的是輔音。
下表中包含了英語中28個輔音。
The consonant sounds in English are shown in the chart below.
輔音的發(fā)音向來不受人們的重視,但是輔音其實是控制口腔氣流的關鍵,掌握了輔音的發(fā)音要領,將大大提升你的聽音辯詞能力。下面我們詳細介紹輔音的分類。
根據(jù)發(fā)音時聲帶是否振動,我們把輔音分為清輔音和濁輔音。
In articulating an unvoiced consonant,the vocal cords are not vibrating,such as:
發(fā)清輔音時,聲帶不振動。例如:
1. /p/ put | 2. /t/ tea |
3. /k/ cake | 4. /θ/ think |
5. /s/ sad | 6. /?/ shy |
7. /t?/ chat | 8. /f/ fat |
9. /h/ have | 10. /tr/ tree |
11. /ts/ bets |
In articulating a voiced consonant,the vocal cords are vibrating,such as:
發(fā)濁輔音時,聲帶振動。例如:
1. /b/ bar | 2. /d/ dog |
3. /g/ game | 4. /e/ that |
5. /z/ zoo | 6. /?/ vision |
7. /d?/ joy | 8. /v/ very |
9. /w/ wait | 10. /m/ meal |
11. /n/ net | 12. /?/ bank |
13. /l/ late | 14. /r/ rest |
15. /j/ year | 16. /dr/ dream |
17. /dz/ cards |
根據(jù)發(fā)音方式的不同,即氣流在通過口腔或鼻腔時產(chǎn)生的不同效果,我們可以把輔音分為爆破音、塞擦音、摩擦音、鼻音、舌邊音和半元音。
Stops are consonants formed by completely stopping the flow of air somewhere in the vocal apparatus,and then releasing the air,such as:
發(fā)爆破音時,先完全將氣流阻擋在發(fā)音器官中,然后突然釋放氣流,發(fā)出爆破的聲音。英語中一共有6個爆破音,它們是:
1. /p/:雙唇爆破輔音; |
2. /b/:雙唇爆破輔音; |
3. /t/:舌尖齒齦爆破輔音; |
4. /d/:舌尖齒齦爆破輔音; |
5. /k/:舌后軟腭爆破輔音; |
6. /g/:舌后軟腭爆破輔音; |
上面6個爆破音中,/p/、/t/、/k/是清輔音,因此要注意聲帶不能夠振動。
Affricates are consonants that are formed by stopping the flow of air somewhere in the vocal apparatus,and then releasing the air relatively slowly so that a friction-sound is produced,such as:
破擦音的形成如爆破音,發(fā)破擦音時,首先將氣流阻擋在發(fā)音器官中,但是要相對緩慢地釋放氣流以便摩擦成音。英語中一共有6個破擦音,它們是:
1. /t?/:舌端齒齦破擦輔音; |
2. /d?/:舌端齒齦破擦輔音; |
3. /tr/:齒齦后部破擦輔音; |
4. /dr/:齒齦后部破擦輔音; |
5. /ts/:舌端齒齦破擦輔音; |
6. /dz/:舌端齒齦破擦輔音; |
Fricatives are consonants that are formed by impeding the flow of air somewhere in the vocal apparatus so that a friction-sound is produced,such as:
發(fā)摩擦音時,氣流有陰礙的通過發(fā)音器官,以便摩擦成音。例如:
1. /s/:舌端齒齦摩擦輔音; |
2. /z/:舌端齒齦摩擦輔音; |
3. /?/:舌端齒齦后部摩擦輔音; |
4. /?/:舌端齒齦后部摩擦輔音; |
5. /f/:唇齒摩擦輔音; |
6. /v/:唇齒摩擦輔音; |
7. /θ/:舌尖齒背摩擦輔音; |
8. /e/:舌尖齒背摩擦輔音; |
9. /h/:聲門摩擦輔音; |
10. /r/:舌尖齒齦后部摩擦輔音。 |
Nasals are consonants that are formed by blocking the oral passage and allowing the air to escape through the nose,such as:
發(fā)鼻音時,氣流在口腔中受到阻礙而從鼻腔中泄出。例如:
1. /m/:雙唇鼻輔音; |
2. /n/:舌尖齒齦鼻輔音; |
3. /?/:舌后軟腭鼻輔音; |
A lateral is a consonant formed by allowing the air to escape around the sides of the tongue:
發(fā)舌邊音時,氣流從舌兩側(cè)泄出。英語中只有一個舌邊音:
/l/ 舌端齒齦邊輔音.
Semivowels are vowel-like consonants:that is ,the air-flow is not stopped or impeded so as to cause a friction-sound,but the aperture through which the air passes is smaller than the aperture of any vowel,such as:
半元音是有些像元音的輔音,也就是說,發(fā)半元音時,氣流并不需要受阻而形成摩擦音,但氣流通過的縫隙要小于發(fā)元音時通過的縫隙。例如:
1. /w/:舌后軟腭半元音;
2. /j/:舌前硬腭半元音。
閱讀了上前音標分類介紹還是覺得不夠清晰明了,那么下面例出相關音標分類表,直觀的查看音標的分類。
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