定語從句:在復(fù)合句中， 修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。被定語從句所修飾的詞叫先行詞。引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。

關(guān)系詞包括關(guān)系代詞who(賓格whom,所有格whose),that, which 和關(guān)系副詞where, when, why 等。

The boy who is wearing a black coat bought a dictionary yesterday.

The noodles that（which） my mother cooked were delicious.

The school where I learned judo was very large.

I remember the day when our band was formed.

I don’t know the reason why she got so angry this morning.

定語從句可以分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。

(1)限定性定語從句：它是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。這種從句與主句的關(guān)系十分密切，書寫時不可用逗號分開。如果關(guān)系代詞在限定性定語從句中作賓語，關(guān)系代詞通?？梢允÷?。

Do you know the girl who just came in?

Shanghai is a city（that）I’ve always wanted to visit.

Her sister married a man (who/whom/that) she met on a plane.

The time when I first met Mr. White was a very difficult period of my life.

(2)非限定性定語從句：它只是對先行詞作附加補(bǔ)充說明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。這種從句與主句的關(guān)系不是很密切，書寫時往往用逗號分開。非限定性定語從句一般不用that 引導(dǎo)，而且不可以省略關(guān)系詞。

The old woman, who lives on her own, has a cat for company.

Lori is going to marry Mark, whom she does not love.

Beijing, which is the capital city of China, is a very beautiful city.

在定語從句中， 關(guān)系代詞起著連接主句與從句，指代先行詞和在從句中作句子成分的三重作用。關(guān)系代詞的選用取決于主句中的先行詞以及關(guān)系代詞在從句中作何種成分。

?關(guān)系代詞who, whom 的用法

1） who 可以代替人（即它的先行詞必須是人），在從句中擔(dān)任主語，往往也可以代替在從句中擔(dān)任賓格的whom,但它的前面不能有介詞，如果帶介詞則必須用賓格whom，即“介詞+whom”.  

如：Jonny is a person who always has novel ideas.

The girl who the first prize in the contest is from Zhejiang.

The person who/whom you just talked to is Mr. Depp.

---The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Depp. (介詞to提到定語從句前，只能用whom.)

We’ll go to the hospital to see the patients, most of whom are children.

(whom 前常用表示數(shù)量的詞none/neither/both/each/all of…)

2)在定語從句中，who, that 指人時可以通用，但在下列情況下用who,而不用that.

A) 先行詞是one, ones, anyone 時，宜用who.

One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.

The ones who flatter me don’t please me.      

Anyone who laughs last laughs best.

Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized.

B) 先行詞為those 時，宜用who.  

Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.

No words are strong enough to express our thanks to those who worked hard to rescue survivors in the earthquake.

C) 當(dāng)先行詞有較長的后置定語時，宜用who。

I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew up in Yunnan province.

D) 一個句子中帶有兩個定語從句時，其中一個定語從句的關(guān)系代詞時that， 另一個宜用who.    

如：The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.

E) 在there be 開頭 的句子中，事宜用who.

There is a young man who wants to see your father.

There are many old men who are against this plan.

?關(guān)系代詞whose 的用法

關(guān)系代詞whose 是關(guān)系代詞who 的所有格形式，它 既可以代人，也可以代物。當(dāng)whose 代物時，相當(dāng)于of which. Whose 引導(dǎo)的定語從句既可以是限定性定語從句，也可以是非限定性定語從句。

Do you know Peter whose father happens to be working in your company?

The tourist wanted to book a room whose window faces south.

=The tourist wanted to book a room the window of which faces south.

=The tourist wanted to book a room. The room’s window faces south.

We went to see our teacher Miss Styles, whose husband lost his life in the earthquake.

Xi’an, whose walls remain as good as before, is one of the few cities with city walls.

?關(guān)系代詞that, which 的用法

1）在限定性定語從句中指代物時，which 和that 一般可通用。

The new house that/which I has just bought is about six miles away.

They planted some trees that /which didn’t need much water.

(2) 限定性定語從句中只用that 而不用which 的情況。

A）先行詞有形容詞最高級修飾時

This is the best way that has been used against pollution.

Polly is the most direct young woman that I have ever come across.

B) 先行詞有序數(shù)詞修飾時

This is the third time that they have met.

The very first time that Lester saw the film, he made up his mind to become a doctor.

C)主句已有疑問詞who 或which 時

Which of the car s that are in front of the hotel belongs to you?

Who is the man that is sitting by the lake?

D) 先行詞既有人又有物時

He talked about the schools and teachers that he had visited.

The bike and his rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station.

E) 先行詞為all, much, few, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none 等不定代詞時

It’s easy to do the repair. All that you need is a hammer and some nails.

We haven’t got much that we can offer you.

I’d like to tell you something that will make you surprised.

F) 先行詞前面有the very, the only, the same, any, few, little, no, all, one of 等詞修飾時

This is the very room that I slept in that evening.

The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.

Li Ming is the only one that wants to be a teacher.

G) 有兩個定語從句，其中一個關(guān)系代詞以用which,另一個宜用that

Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.

(3) 只用which 而不用that 的情況

A) 引導(dǎo)非限定定語從句時

The fish, which I bought this morning, is very fresh.

My house, which I bought two years ago, has got a lovely garden.

Jim passed the driving test, which surprised everybody in the office.

Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to others, which, of course, made the others envy him.

The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, most of which are sold abroad.

(which 前常用none/neither/most/both/each/all/a little of等詞修飾)

B）在限定性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時

I was put in a position in which I had to accept I was less important.

This is the hotel in which you will stay.= That’s the hotel (which/that) you will stay in.

(此句中，如果介詞in 放在句子的后面，那么關(guān)系代詞既可用which,也可用that,還可省略。

C）在限定性定語從句中，如果有兩個定語從句時，其中一句的關(guān)系代詞that 時， 另一個用which.

Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.

where, when, why： 關(guān)系副詞和關(guān)系代詞一樣，具有數(shù)重作用。連接主句與從句，指代先行詞，在從句中作句子成分。由于關(guān)系副詞在從句中均做狀語，所以具體選用什么關(guān)系副詞，主要取決于關(guān)系副詞在從句中充當(dāng)什么類型的狀語。

?關(guān)系副詞where 的用法

有關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)的定語從句，其先行詞主要是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，如building, city, room等，where 在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。

The hotel where we stayed was very clean.= The hotel (that/which) we stayed at was very clean.

=The hotel at which we stayed was very clean.

I got to the stage where I wasn’t coping any more.

=I got to the stage (which/that) I wasn’t coping with any more.

= I got to the stage with which I wasn’t coping any more.

?關(guān)系副詞when 的用法

有when引導(dǎo)的定語從句，其先行詞主要是表示時間的名詞，如 time, day, date,等,when 在從句中作時間狀語。

I’ll never forget the time when we first met in London.

=I’ll never forget the time during which we first met in London.

The date (when/that) he joined the ANC Youth League was August 5th.(如果按語法來講，上例中的定語從句只能用when引導(dǎo)，但在口語中，常用that 代替 when,  而且還可以省略。)

?關(guān)系副詞why 的用法

由why 引導(dǎo)的定語從句，常用在先行詞reason 后面，why 在句中作原因狀語。

The reason why I got a job was that I worked hard.

=The reason (that)/for which I got a job was that I worked hard.

The reason why she was late was that she missed her plane.

=The reason (that)/for which she was late was that she missed her plane.

Amy didn’t get a pay rise, but this wasn’t the main reason why she left.

=Amy didn’t get a pay rise, but this wasn’t the main reason (that)/for which she left.

(一般說來，在定語從句中，只要先行詞是the reason ，它的關(guān)系副詞就是why,但在口語中，和when 一樣，why 常被that 代替，也可省略。)

重點(diǎn)比較： 帶reason 的定語從句與表語從句的常用句型：

定語從句  The reason why/that…;   …the reason why/that…

表語從句   The reason is that…(不能用why，否則就重復(fù)了)

I know the reason why she studies so well.

The reason is that he is always careless in his work.

對于同一個先行詞，正確區(qū)分關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞，關(guān)鍵是要弄清楚它們在定語從句中擔(dān)任什么成分，而不僅僅取決于先行詞是什么。如果關(guān)系詞在從句中制作主語或賓語，就是關(guān)系代詞；如果關(guān)系詞在定語從句中做狀語，就是關(guān)系副詞，當(dāng)然上面提到的口語用法除外。

（1）定語從句中的主謂一致

A）定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞作主語時，從句謂語的人稱，數(shù)要與先行詞一致。

Is he the man who/that wants to see you?

B） as/which 做主語引導(dǎo)非限定性從句指全句時，從句謂語用第三人稱。

Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.

As is usual, Hans came to school late this morning.

C) 先行詞為“one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞“時，關(guān)系代詞為從句主語，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。

Freddy is one of the students who want to be diplomats in our class.

D) 先行詞為“the only one of the+復(fù)數(shù)名詞“時，關(guān)系代詞為從句主語，謂語用單數(shù)。

He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years.

（2）what, how 不能用于定語從句中．

A） what不能用作關(guān)系代詞來引導(dǎo)定語從句，但是what 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可以與that 引導(dǎo)的定語從句進(jìn)行互換。

Tell me anything (that) you know.  = Tell me what you know.

Tell me anything what you know. ( wrong)

B) how 不能用作關(guān)系副詞來引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾表示方式的way 的定語從句用which 來引導(dǎo)，也可用that 或省略。

This is the way (in which/that) I worked out the problem.

This is how I worked out the problem.

（3）關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的省略

關(guān)系代詞的省略：

A） 非限定性定語從句中關(guān)系代詞不可以省略。

Jan Hasek , who was my former English teacher, retired last year.

B) 在限定性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞用作動詞賓語時可省略。

Sorry, forgot to bring the magazine (which/that) you want.

C) 關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語時，如果介詞出現(xiàn)在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞不可以省略；如果介詞位于定語從句句末，關(guān)系代詞可以省略。

This is the government building in which my father works.

This is the government (which/that) my father works in.

D）there be 句型之后的定語從句中，做主語或賓語的關(guān)系代詞?？褪÷?。

There’s nothing (that) I can do about it.

A) 根據(jù)that 在從句中是否做成分來判定。引導(dǎo)定語從句的that 是關(guān)系代詞，在句中充當(dāng)主語或賓語，是對先行詞的一個說明。引導(dǎo)同位語從句的that是連接詞，不充當(dāng)任何成分，不能省略，也不能用which 代替。同位語從句用來說明名詞或代詞表示的具體內(nèi)容。

The news that you told me last week is not true.

(that 引導(dǎo)的定語從句，說明是哪一個news, that 在從句中充當(dāng)told 的賓語。)

The news that the leader will come here is not true.

(that 引導(dǎo)的同位語從句，說明news 的具體內(nèi)容，that 在從句中不擔(dān)任任何成分)

B）根據(jù)意思來判斷

在關(guān)系代詞前加is 后，如果句子成立就是同位語從句，否則就不是。

The news that you told me is not true.

---The news is that you told me last week.  (不成立；不是同位語從句。)

The news that the leader will come here is not true.

---The news is that the leader will come here. (成立；是同位語從句)