(英語(yǔ)里主謂賓之間是一種緊密結(jié)構(gòu)即之間不隨便穿插其它成分)英語(yǔ)一般都將修飾語(yǔ)后置 看英文句子時(shí),每個(gè)單詞都認(rèn)識(shí),但就是不懂整個(gè)句子的意思。這是由于不了解英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的區(qū)別以及英語(yǔ)中的語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格所造成的。英漢是兩種不同的語(yǔ)言, 它們都各有自己的語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣和規(guī)律。學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ),就是要學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)特有的表達(dá)方式。因此,為了突破英語(yǔ),我們必須找出它們之間的不同之處,然后按照它們各自的語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣和表達(dá)方式去說(shuō)和寫。由于漢語(yǔ)是我們的母語(yǔ),我們從一生下來(lái)受到它的影響,所以很多同學(xué)剛開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)時(shí)都容易犯Chinlish錯(cuò)誤,所謂Chinglish就是所說(shuō)或?qū)懙木渥永镉玫氖怯⒄Z(yǔ)單詞, 但句子結(jié)構(gòu)、語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣、語(yǔ)序等卻用的是漢語(yǔ)思維。 下面我就談?wù)動(dòng)h的一些主要區(qū)別: 從主體的句子結(jié)構(gòu)上來(lái)看, 英語(yǔ)的主、謂、賓結(jié)構(gòu)模式(即語(yǔ)序)完全與漢語(yǔ)相同, 即兩者都是主語(yǔ)在前, 謂語(yǔ)在后, 謂語(yǔ)后接賓語(yǔ)。它們的最大區(qū)別在于修飾主、謂、賓的句子成分(即修飾語(yǔ))的位置不同。英語(yǔ)一般都將修飾語(yǔ)后置。 1、漢語(yǔ)里的主、謂、賓之間是一種松散結(jié)構(gòu),即主、謂、賓之間常穿插其它成分?(尤其是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和定語(yǔ)),而英語(yǔ)里主、謂、賓之間是一種緊密結(jié)構(gòu), 即主、謂、賓之間不隨便穿插其它成分, 即主語(yǔ)后緊跟謂語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)后緊跟賓語(yǔ),因此漢譯英時(shí)首先要找到主謂賓。如: 1)He came here last year in the hop of making fortune(becoming rich). 2) We often played with sand together by the sea when we were young . 2、動(dòng)詞連用是漢語(yǔ)句子里的最大特色, 即一個(gè)句子中的動(dòng)詞后面可以出現(xiàn)多個(gè)動(dòng)詞, 動(dòng)詞不需要形式變化(即時(shí)態(tài),人稱和數(shù)的變化)就可以按時(shí)間和動(dòng)作先后順序連續(xù)使用多個(gè)動(dòng)詞。在漢語(yǔ)中, 動(dòng)詞既可作主語(yǔ), 也可作賓語(yǔ), 甚至可以作句子中的任何成分。而在英語(yǔ)句子中, 一個(gè)句子里只有一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后的其他動(dòng)詞則要變成非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞, 即不定式或V-ing 形式。如: 1)她喜歡打排球. She likes playing volleyball. 2) 我忘記帶護(hù)照了。I forgot to bring my passport. 3、漢語(yǔ)里的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化。而英語(yǔ)里的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要受時(shí)間及主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)的限制即不同的時(shí)間, 就有不同的時(shí)態(tài)形式、不同的時(shí)態(tài)就有不同的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 形式。英語(yǔ)里的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要隨著時(shí)間、主語(yǔ)人稱和數(shù)的變化而變化。 如: 我每天洗臉。I wash my face every day. 她每天洗臉。She washes her face every day. 我昨天洗臉。I washed my face yesterday. 我現(xiàn)在正在洗臉。I`m washing my face now. 我明天要洗臉。I`m going to wash my face tomorrow. 4、漢語(yǔ)里似乎任何詞都可作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ), 包括動(dòng)詞, 形容詞和介詞詞組, 而英語(yǔ)里能作主語(yǔ)的詞只有6種(即名詞,代詞,數(shù)詞,不定式動(dòng)詞,V-ing動(dòng)詞和從句),動(dòng)詞、形容詞和介詞詞組在英語(yǔ)里不能作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。如: 1) DO is harder than say.(錯(cuò)) Doing is harder than saying.(對(duì)) 2) Fat has its advantages. (錯(cuò)) Being fat has its advantages. (對(duì)) 3) At home is better than go out. (錯(cuò)) Being at home is better than going out. (對(duì)) 4) Do you like rich or poor? (錯(cuò)) Do you like richness or poverty? (對(duì)) 5、 漢語(yǔ)中常省略動(dòng)詞, 如'我忙得很。''今天星期一。' 但英語(yǔ)單句中必須有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,而且只能有一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。 I very busy. (錯(cuò))→I`m very busy. Today Monday. (錯(cuò)) →Today is Monday. My sister in Class Two. (錯(cuò))→My sister is in Class Two. 6、漢語(yǔ)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)主要采用平鋪直敘的'流水?dāng)⑹路?#39;,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間是一種平行關(guān)系,所以漢語(yǔ)里往往省去連詞,形成'連動(dòng)式'或用逗號(hào)來(lái)連接句子,因此漢語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ)從句、主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句。而英語(yǔ)中并列謂語(yǔ)之間必須用連詞來(lái)表明主從關(guān)系,逗號(hào)在英語(yǔ)中不能連接句子,只有連詞才能引導(dǎo)句子。 如: 你是學(xué)生,必須努力學(xué)習(xí)。 You are a student, must study hard. (錯(cuò)) You are a student so you must study hard. (對(duì)) 我不想和你說(shuō)話,我忙得很。 I don`t want to speak to you, I`m busy. (錯(cuò)) I don`t want to speak to you because I`m busy. (對(duì)) My father is too old, has white hair. (錯(cuò)) My father is too old and has white hair. (對(duì)) They hope us don`t like them, to be a farmer is very hard. (錯(cuò)) They hope us not to be like them because to be a farmer is very hard. (對(duì)) 7、英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有及物(transitive verb) 和不及物(intransitive verb)之分,漢語(yǔ)里很少有及物和不及物之分,英語(yǔ)及物動(dòng)詞后必須要有賓語(yǔ),而漢語(yǔ)則常省略賓語(yǔ)。如: 我不喜歡。I don`t like. (錯(cuò))I don`t like it (them)(對(duì)) 我不相信。I don`t believe. (錯(cuò)) I don`t believe it. (對(duì)) 我找到了。I found. (錯(cuò)) I found it. (對(duì)) 誰(shuí)告訴你的?Who told you? (錯(cuò)) Who told you that? (對(duì)) 你會(huì)后悔的。You`ll regret. (錯(cuò))You`ll regret that. (對(duì)) 我忘了。I forgot . (錯(cuò)) I forgot it(that). (對(duì)) 誰(shuí)給你的?Who gave you? (錯(cuò)) Who gave it to you? (對(duì)) 8、漢語(yǔ)里無(wú)主語(yǔ)句(即省略主語(yǔ))很普遍,而且漢語(yǔ)句子常用物作主語(yǔ)。 如: 吃飯了沒(méi)有?武漢下雨很大。 但英語(yǔ)中除了祈使句, 每個(gè)句子必須有主語(yǔ)。而且常用人作主語(yǔ),因此漢譯英時(shí)要盡量加上表'人'的主語(yǔ),如:人稱代詞(I , you,we, he, she,they) 如:1)深圳從不下雪。 Shenzhen never snows. (錯(cuò)) We never have snow in Shenzheng. (對(duì)) 2)如果今天沒(méi)有課。 If today doesn`t have lessons. (錯(cuò)) If we(you) don`t have lessons today. (對(duì)) 3)房間里有兩個(gè)人。 The room has two men. (錯(cuò)) Two men are in the room. (對(duì)) 4)舊州有飛機(jī)場(chǎng)。 Jiuzhou has an airport. (錯(cuò)) We have an airport in Jiuzhou. (對(duì)) 9、漢語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有詞形和詞性的變化,只是通過(guò)增加詞匯來(lái)表達(dá)不同意思,而英語(yǔ)主要是通過(guò)詞形變化來(lái)表達(dá)不同意思, 英語(yǔ)中的所有詞類都有自身的變化。如:副詞和形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí);名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式;動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)形式;人稱代詞的主格和賓格形式。英語(yǔ)非常注重詞性,不同詞性的詞具有不同的詞形和作用,不同詞性的詞的位置也不同。如: 1)我們成功了。 We success. (錯(cuò)) We succeeded. (對(duì)) 2)成功需要艱苦的勞動(dòng)。 Succeed needs hard work. (錯(cuò)) Success need hard work. (對(duì)) 3)我們將提供一流的服務(wù)。 We will offer the best serve. (錯(cuò)) We will offer the best service. (對(duì)) 4)你必須服務(wù)好他。 You must service him well. (錯(cuò)) You must serve him well. (對(duì)) 5)他的死對(duì)他父親是一大打擊。 His die(dead) is a great blow to his father. (錯(cuò)) His death is a great blow to his father. (對(duì)) 6)他三天前死了。 He dead three days ago. (錯(cuò)) He died three days ago. (對(duì)) 7)I like her. (對(duì))She likes me(對(duì)) 8)你喜歡這兒?jiǎn)幔?/p> Do you like here? (錯(cuò)) Do you like it here? (對(duì)) 9)我不怕熱。 I`m not afraid of hot. (錯(cuò)) I`m not afraid of heat. (對(duì)) 10、漢語(yǔ)名詞前常省略物主代詞(。。。的。。。),而英語(yǔ)名詞前必須有修飾語(yǔ)(定語(yǔ))。。。冠詞或物主代詞或形容詞。 如: 你帶書沒(méi)有? Have you brought book? (錯(cuò)) Have you brought your (the )book? (對(duì)) 你做完作業(yè)沒(méi)有? Have you finished homework? (錯(cuò)) Have you finished your homework? (對(duì)) 11、漢語(yǔ)中,一般都將修飾語(yǔ)放在所修飾的名詞前,無(wú)論修飾語(yǔ)(定語(yǔ))有多長(zhǎng)。在英語(yǔ)中,除了單個(gè)的形容詞作定語(yǔ)放在名詞前,短語(yǔ)、詞組、句子作定語(yǔ)時(shí)都定語(yǔ)后置, 即把定語(yǔ)放在所修飾詞后。如: 二班來(lái)的同學(xué). The student from Class Two. Here is a postcard from Lily to her friend in the USA. I came to this nice city from a poor village. 兩天前她從朋友那兒借來(lái)的那條項(xiàng)鏈不見(jiàn)了。 The necklace she borrowed from her friend two days ago is gone. 12、 漢語(yǔ)中先時(shí)間后地點(diǎn),而且都是由大到?。挥⒄Z(yǔ)中則是先地點(diǎn)后時(shí)間,卻是由大。漢語(yǔ)中的時(shí)間地點(diǎn)常夾放在句子中(主要在主謂間), 而英語(yǔ)中的時(shí)間地點(diǎn)常放在句尾回句首。 如: 1)我明天要去上海。 I`m tomorrow going Shanghai.(錯(cuò)) Tomorrow I`m going to Shanghai. (對(duì)) 2)貴州省黃平縣舊州中學(xué)。 Jiuzhou Middle School, Huang ping County, Guizhou. 3)2000年10月20日 20th, October, 2000 13、漢語(yǔ)里沒(méi)有冠詞和名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式,因此英語(yǔ)里的可數(shù)名詞前要么家冠詞,要么用復(fù)數(shù)形式,即英語(yǔ)里名詞不能單獨(dú)使用,要么用復(fù)數(shù),要么用單數(shù)前面+a/an. 如: 我父親是農(nóng)民。My father is farmer. (錯(cuò))My father is a farner.(對(duì)) 他是學(xué)生。He is student. (錯(cuò))He is a student. (對(duì)) 請(qǐng)關(guān)窗子。Please close window. (錯(cuò)) Please close the window. (對(duì)) 她喜歡讀書。 She likes reading book. (錯(cuò)) She likes reading books. (對(duì)) 14、漢語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞的狀語(yǔ)(副詞)一般放在動(dòng)詞前,而英語(yǔ)里的該類狀語(yǔ)(副詞)則放在動(dòng)詞后, 但always, often, seldom, hardly, never等詞除外。 他正慢慢地朝大海走去。He is walking slowly towards the sea. 他勇敢地站了起來(lái)。He stood up bravely. 15、漢語(yǔ)沒(méi)有明顯的形容詞和副詞之分,但英語(yǔ)里形容詞和副詞的位置和作用有嚴(yán)格規(guī)定。英語(yǔ)里的副詞只能修飾動(dòng)詞(常放動(dòng)詞后)、形容詞或其它副詞。而英語(yǔ)中的形容詞的位置只有兩種:1)放在名詞前作定語(yǔ);2)放在系動(dòng)詞后作表語(yǔ)。英語(yǔ)中的形容詞一定不能單獨(dú) 用,要么前面有系動(dòng)詞,要么后面有名詞,否則只能用副詞。 This book very nice. (錯(cuò)) This book is very nice. (對(duì)) He has done this successful. (錯(cuò)) It`s a successful cooperation. (對(duì)) He is a well student. (錯(cuò)) He studies well. (對(duì)) My grandfather is very kindly. (錯(cuò)) My grandfather is very kind. (對(duì)) My hobby is widely. (錯(cuò)) My hobby is wide. (對(duì)) 16、英漢的主要區(qū)別還在于主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的使用上, 是用主動(dòng)句還是被動(dòng)句。漢語(yǔ)常用事物作主語(yǔ),采用主動(dòng)形式,而英語(yǔ)中常用人作主語(yǔ),英語(yǔ)中用事物作主語(yǔ)時(shí)常用被動(dòng)式。 這本書是為英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者寫的。 This book is written for English learners. 那棟樓正在建設(shè)中。 The house is building. (錯(cuò))The house is being built. (對(duì)) 17、漢語(yǔ)講究'意會(huì)', 不講究形式, 意思講明白了就可以。如:'愛(ài)去不去。'所包含的意思就是:' 你去也行,你不去也行。我不管。'因此,漢譯英時(shí)要多從句意或英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣去理解而不能僅從字面去翻譯即多用意譯,少用直譯。如: 1)他文化不高。His culture is not high. (錯(cuò)) He received little education. (對(duì)) 2)我不是唱歌的料。I don`t have a head for singing. 3)她對(duì)這次考試胸有成竹。She is very confident in this exam. 4)她吃醋了。She becomes jealous. 5)給他點(diǎn)顏色看看。Teach him a lesson. 6)不聽(tīng)老人言,吃虧在眼前。 If you don`t follow old people`s advice, you`ll suffer loss at once. 7)日有所思,夜有所夢(mèng)。 You`ll dream of what you have been thinking of. 8)'明月幾時(shí)有,把酒問(wèn)青天。' When do we have the bright moon? Let`s drink a cup of wine and ask the shy. 9)這真是雪中送炭。It`s really a timely help. 10)如果她有什么三長(zhǎng)兩短,你會(huì)吃不了兜著走的。 If she has an accident, you will be in trouble. 11)有兩人在打架。 Have two people are fighting. (錯(cuò)) Two people are fighting. (對(duì)) 12)老地方:old place . (錯(cuò)) The same place .(對(duì)) PAGE 5 |
|
來(lái)自: 山峰云繞 > 《語(yǔ)法句子結(jié)構(gòu)》