在備戰(zhàn)中考的過程中,作文是不少同學(xué)的攔路虎。對他們來說,中考作文真心難寫,無論自己怎樣努力,都無法有效地提高作文成績。那么,如何才能寫出一篇優(yōu)秀的中考作文呢?從各省市中考英語作文的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來看,良好的語言表達(dá)能力非常重要。想要寫出一篇漂亮的中考作文,我們首先需要進(jìn)行積累。積累什么?不是單詞,因為記住單個單詞的意義不大,同學(xué)們可能還是無法在考試中自如地表達(dá)自己想要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容;也不是句型,因為很多作文題無法套用固定的句型。在筆者看來,我們需要積累以下兩方面的內(nèi)容:一是詞匯的常用搭配(collocation)。外國人習(xí)慣把某些單詞放在一起使用,它們就像伙伴一樣形影不離,我把它們稱為“詞伴”。二是在“詞伴”的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行擴(kuò)句。下面,筆者就教大家如何利用“詞伴”+擴(kuò)句來寫中考作文。 方法篇 我們先來說說“詞伴”。語言學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn),語言的使用不是以單個詞為單位,而是以固定或半固定化的板塊結(jié)構(gòu)為單位。例如“整理床鋪”,外國人常用make the bed來表達(dá)。可如果按照中文來翻譯,沒有學(xué)過這個詞組的同學(xué)可能會以為它指的是“做床”。在寫作中,由于受到母語的影響,有的同學(xué)會逐字逐句將題目要點(diǎn)翻譯成中式英文,導(dǎo)致作文錯誤百出。因此,大家需要記住詞匯的常用搭配和習(xí)慣用法,也就是我說的“詞伴”。 那什么是擴(kuò)句呢?擴(kuò)句就是在原句的基礎(chǔ)上加入其他成分,使句子更加豐滿。比如,“我跑步”可以擴(kuò)充為“在一個陽光明媚的早晨,我和朋友們一起在公園跑步,為即將到來的運(yùn)動會進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練,希望能在運(yùn)動會上拿到冠軍”。那么,我們可以添加哪些元素呢?筆者把這些元素分為兩級:一級擴(kuò)句可加入人物(with sb.)、時間(when +句子)、地點(diǎn)(in/on/at +地點(diǎn))元素,也可舉例(such as/for example)說明;二級擴(kuò)句可加入原因(because/because of)、目的(in order to/so that)、方式(by)、條件(if)等元素。上面的“跑步”例句擴(kuò)句后可寫為:On a sunny morning, I ran with my friends in the park in order to train for and hopefully win the championship at the coming sports meet. 如果大家對每個作文話題都積累了相關(guān)“詞伴”并利用上面的兩級元素進(jìn)行了有效擴(kuò)句,相信寫起作文來不會感覺那么困難。如果還想拿到更高的分?jǐn)?shù)甚至是滿分,那么同學(xué)們需要在“詞伴”+擴(kuò)句的基礎(chǔ)上通過豐富的詞匯及多樣的句式來為作文增加亮點(diǎn)。 實(shí)戰(zhàn)篇 下面,我們就結(jié)合兩道中考作文題,來看一下如何利用“詞伴”+擴(kuò)句來寫出一篇優(yōu)秀的作文。我們以近幾年很熱的一個中考作文話題“志愿者”為例。 我們學(xué)校在3月份進(jìn)行“學(xué)雷鋒”活動,請你為校園網(wǎng)寫一篇報道,描述你們班在活動中所做的事情,并闡述你對志愿者或志愿者活動的看法,不少于60詞。(根據(jù)2013年黃岡中考作文題改編) 提示問題:1. What did you do during the Learn From Lei Feng activity? 2. What do you think of volunteering and voluntary work? 根據(jù)第一個要點(diǎn)提示,可以寫你們班同學(xué)參加過的一些公益活動。因此,我們應(yīng)該積累與公益活動相關(guān)的“詞伴”,并進(jìn)行擴(kuò)句。 通過“詞伴”+擴(kuò)句,我們可以寫出以下幾個句子。 ① We cleaned the streets in order to protect the environment. ② We volunteered to sing for the elderly at the old people's home because we wanted to cheer them up. ③ We also helped children from poor areas lead a better life by donating our books. 在“詞伴”+擴(kuò)句的基礎(chǔ)上,我們還可以運(yùn)用一些高級句式再為作文增加一些亮點(diǎn),比如針對第③個“詞伴”的擴(kuò)句,可以將其修改為:We also helped children from poor areas lead a better life by donating our books, which is not only educational but also meaningful. 在句式上,我們使用了“not only ... but also”,以及一個由which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。 假設(shè)你是某國際學(xué)校的李華,今年暑假一些美國學(xué)生將到你校來參加夏令營,他們將了解中國文化,并在北京參觀旅游。為此學(xué)校正在招募志愿者,請你用英文給負(fù)責(zé)的老師Mr. Green寫一封郵件提出申請,內(nèi)容包括:你的姓名和年齡,為什么想做一名志愿者,以及能具體做些什么等。(2016年北京市東城區(qū)初三英語二模) 提示詞語:helpful, introduce, culture, teach, festivals, famous places 提示問題:1. What's your name and age? 2. Why do you want to be a volunteer for the summer camp? 3. What can you do for the camp? 針對第二個提示問題,我們可以積累如下“詞伴”并進(jìn)行擴(kuò)句。 “詞伴”: 一級擴(kuò)句 二級擴(kuò)句 公益活動 (人物、時間、地點(diǎn)、舉例) (原因、目的、方式、條件) ①掃大街 為了保護(hù)環(huán)境 ②給老人唱歌 在敬老院 因為想讓他們開心 ③幫助貧困地區(qū)的孩子過上更好的生活 通過把我們的書捐給他們 “詞伴”: 一級擴(kuò)句 二級擴(kuò)句 當(dāng)志愿者的原因 (人物、時間、地點(diǎn)、舉例) (原因、目的、方式、條件) ①拓展視野 ②幫助有需要的人 因為小善行會產(chǎn)生大影響 ③一起工作 和其他志愿者 為了提升團(tuán)隊協(xié)作能力 ④積累英文表達(dá)方式 通過跟美國學(xué)生交流 ⑤幫助美國學(xué)生更多地了解中國文化 通過帶他們在北京旅游 實(shí)戰(zhàn) 1 實(shí)戰(zhàn) 2 關(guān)于當(dāng)志愿者的原因,我們可以通過“詞伴”+擴(kuò)句,寫出以下幾個句子。 ① I can broaden my horizons. ② I can help people in need because I believe that a small act of kindness can make a big difference. ③ I will work with other volunteers so that I can improve my teamwork abilities. ④ I can build up English expressions by communicating with the American students. ⑤ I can help the American students know more about Chinese culture by showing them around Beijing. 在“詞伴”+擴(kuò)句的基礎(chǔ)上,我們還可以運(yùn)用一些高級詞匯及句式再為作文增加一些亮點(diǎn),比如針對第④個“詞伴”的擴(kuò)句,可將其修改為:It's important for me to build up English expressions by communicating with American students. 句式上,我們使用了“It's + adj. + for sb. to do sth.”的結(jié)構(gòu)。我們還可以將第③和第④個“詞伴”的擴(kuò)句進(jìn)行整合:By working with other volunteers from all over the world, I can not only improve my teamwork abilities but also build up English expressions. 詞匯上,我們加入了from all over the world這一介詞短語作后置定語;在句式上,我們使用了“not only ... but also”的結(jié)構(gòu)。 針對第三個提示問題“What can you do for the camp?”,我們可以積累與北京旅游相關(guān)的“詞伴”并進(jìn)行擴(kuò)句。 通過“詞伴”和擴(kuò)句,寫出以下幾個句子。 ① I can show the American students around some famous places/places of interest in Beijing, such as the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace and so on. ② I'd like to introduce some unique Chinese customs to the American students when travelling in Beijing. ③ I plan to teach the American students Chinese, because language means culture. ④ I am going to invite the American students to my house to enjoy some delicious Chinese food, including dumplings, Roast Peking Duck and so on. 在“詞伴”+擴(kuò)句的基礎(chǔ)上,我們還可以運(yùn)用一些高級句式再為作文增加一些亮點(diǎn),比如針對第①個“詞伴”的擴(kuò)句,我們可以將其修改為:We will visit the Forbidden City, which is one of the most famous places all over the world. 或:We are going to visit the Summer Palace, which attracts a lot of people from all over the world every year. 句式上,我們用了“one of ...”以及which引導(dǎo)的定語從句。 “詞伴”: 一級擴(kuò)句 二級擴(kuò)句 北京旅游 (人物、時間、地點(diǎn)、舉例) (原因、目的、方式、條件) ①帶美國學(xué)生參觀北京著名景點(diǎn)及名勝古跡 例如紫禁城、頤和園等 ②向美國學(xué)生介紹中國的獨(dú)特習(xí)俗 當(dāng)我們在北京旅游時 ③教美國學(xué)生中文 因為語言意味著文化 ④請美國學(xué)生來我家品嘗中國美食 例如餃子、北京烤鴨等 通過以上兩道中考作文題,同學(xué)們知道如何借助“詞伴”+擴(kuò)句來寫作文了嗎?建議大家在平時的練習(xí)中能多多積累不同話題的不同“詞伴”,并運(yùn)用一、二級元素進(jìn)行擴(kuò)句。同時,也要盡可能地運(yùn)用豐富的詞匯及多樣的句式再為作文增加一些亮點(diǎn)。這樣,相信大家不難寫出一篇優(yōu)秀的中考作文。預(yù)祝同學(xué)們在今年的中考中取得好成績! 初中英語寫作常用詞組及句式結(jié)構(gòu) 常用詞組 1、記憶猶新: be/remain fresh in memory 2、擁有淵博的知識: have profound knowledge 3、感到很有壓力: feel stressed out 4、磨損一個人的意志: wear down a person’s will 5、制定合理/明確的目標(biāo): set reasonable/definite goals 6、渴望知識: have a thirst for knowledge 7、讓(機(jī)會,時間)從指縫間溜走: let (time/opportunity) slip through one’s fingers 8、做夢也想不到的是: sth is beyond one’s wildest dreams 9、勇敢面對失敗: face up to failure 10、被運(yùn)用于生活的各個方面: be applied to every aspect of our daily life. 11、生活中必不可少的一部分: an indispensable part of life 12、在天空自由翱翔 : soar in our own sky 13、分享成長過程中的起起落落: share ups and downs of life in my growth 14、動搖/增加我們的信心和自尊; shake/enhance our confidence and self-esteem 15、有利于學(xué)生的可持續(xù)發(fā)展: be beneficial to the sustainable development of the students 16、培養(yǎng)自己處理問題的能力: cultivate the capacity of tackling the problems ourselves. 17、一個恰當(dāng)?shù)睦邮恰?One case in point is that… 18、放縱自己/沉溺于...: indulge oneself in / be addicted to(the Internet) 19、從書中獲得很多啟迪/洞察力: gain a good deal of enlightenment / insight from books 20、我漸漸明白/領(lǐng)悟: sth dawn on me / It gradually dawned on me that... 21、收獲甜美的果實(shí): reap sweet fruits 22、成功沒有捷徑: There is no shortcut to success. 23、有利有弊: have both merits and demerits 24、比其他任何東西都重要:top(v) anything else in importance 25、陷入絕望: sink into despair/ be in deep despair 26、在(學(xué)習(xí)和休息)之間取得平衡:strike a balance between (study and rest) 27、不用說: needless to say 28、多虧了他們的指導(dǎo): thanks to their guidance 29、非常有動力做某事: feel exceedingly motivated to do sth 30、一把雙刃劍: a doubled-edged sword 31、天道酬勤: Heaven reward the diligent. 32、孰能生巧: Practice makes perfect. 33、歲月不等人: Time and tide wait for no man. 34、分分秒秒很重要:Every second counts. 35、涓滴之水匯成洋:Little drops of water makes the mighty ocean. 36、三思而后行: Think twice before you leap/you make a decision. 37、事與愿違: Things turned out to be against one’s will. 38、行動勝過語言: Actions speak louder than words. 39、滴水穿石: Constant dropping wears away a stone. 40、勤能補(bǔ)拙: Diligence can make up for the lack of intelligence. 常用句式結(jié)構(gòu) 1、 It is universally acknowledged that… 人們普遍認(rèn)為… 例: It is universally acknowledged that education plays an indispensable role in our life. 2、 It is no exaggeration to say that… 毫不夸張地說… 例: It is no exaggeration to say that drunken driving has been a serious problem with which we are confronted . 3、 We can not emphasize the importance of sth too much. 再…強(qiáng)調(diào)也不為過 例:We can not emphasize the importance of mutual understanding and respect between friends too much. 4、 It is high time that…(+ did) 該是…的時候了。(從句用過去式) 例:It’s high time that we high school students went out and flew with our own young but still determined wings. 5、 It will only be a matter of time for… to become things of past. …成為過去時只是個時間問題。 例:With strict laws and alert public, it will only be a matter of time for drunken driving to become things of past. 6、I am convinced that…/ I hold a firm belief that…/ I embrace the faith that… 我堅信… 例:I am convince that with our combined efforts, a win-win situation can be created and we’re bound to stand a greater chance of success in the future 17、It makes no sense to do…/ It doesn’t make any sense to do…做…事情沒有任何意義 例: It makes no sense to indulge (沉溺于) yourself in the virtual world, which will generate/exert a negative effect on your study. 18、The old concept that… … no longer holds true. … 的想法/概念再也不對了 例: The old concept that college education is a passport to a prosperous future no longer holds true. 19、It is not…but…that really matters. / What really matters is not…but… 最重要的是…而不是… 例: It’s not what kind of job you do but what you may gain from your work that really matters. 10、On no account can we + v 我們絕不能… 例:On no account can we turn a deaf ear to the seriousness of the problem. 11、There is no one but + v + O 沒有人不… 例:There is no one but longs to be admitted to an ideal university he has been dreaming of. 12、It pays to do … …是值得的 例: Though it’s hard to please all, it pays to attach importance to the relationship with people around us. 13、adj/adv./n +as + 主 + 謂 雖然… 例: Rich as our country is, the quality of people is by no means satisfactory. 14、It is conceivable/obvious/ apparent that… 可想而知/顯然… 例: It is apparent that nothing is more important than maintain physical and mental health. 15、… make a difference ….產(chǎn)生差別 例:Individual power may be minute(微小的), but when the power is accumulated(積累), it is bound to make a difference to the society. |
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