2018年7月,美國婦產(chǎn)科醫(yī)師學會(ACOG)發(fā)布了關于妊娠期血栓栓塞癥的臨床實踐指南,替代2011年8月發(fā)布的第123號指南。 1. 摘要 問:妊娠期或產(chǎn)后女性更易患血栓栓塞性疾病嗎? 答:妊娠期或產(chǎn)后女性患血栓栓塞性疾病的風險是非妊娠期女性的4-5倍[1,2]。 問:妊娠期血栓大多是哪種血栓?發(fā)病率是多少? 答:大約80%的妊娠期血栓是靜脈血栓,在妊娠期女性中的發(fā)生率為0.5-2.0‰[4-9]。 問: 靜脈血栓栓塞會導致孕產(chǎn)婦死亡嗎?概率是多少? 答:在美國,靜脈血栓栓塞(venous thromboembolism ,VTE)是孕產(chǎn)婦死亡的主要原因之一,占所有孕產(chǎn)婦死亡的9.3%[10]。 問:VTE的治療手段有哪些? 答:鑒于VTE在妊娠期的發(fā)生率和嚴重程度,相應的管理和治療亟待特殊關注。這些治療手段包括急性血栓事件的處理及對高風險患者的預防治療。 問:本文的宗旨是什么? 答:本文旨在為VTE的高危因素、診斷、治療以及預防提供信息參考,特別是妊娠期血栓栓塞癥。 問:本文獻對哪些以往的指南進行了修訂? 答:本文已對妊娠期血栓栓塞風險篩查以及分娩前后抗凝治療的指南相關部分進行了更新。 2. 背景 問:靜脈血栓栓塞包括哪些部位的栓塞? 答:深靜脈血栓形成(deep vein thrombosis, DVT)和肺栓塞(pulmonary embolism, PE)統(tǒng)稱為靜脈血栓栓塞(VTE)。 問:妊娠相關的VTE中,DVT和PE各占多少比例? 答:妊娠相關的VTE中,大約75-80%是由DVT引起的,20-25%由PE引起[3,7,11]。 問:妊娠期和產(chǎn)后哪個時段VTE的風險最高? 答:盡管靜脈血栓栓塞(VTE)大約一半發(fā)生在妊娠期,一半發(fā)生在產(chǎn)后,但產(chǎn)后發(fā)生VTE的風險要高于妊娠期[1],分娩后幾周每天的風險都是最高的[3–8, 12],尤其是在產(chǎn)后第一周[1]。 3. 妊娠相關的變化與靜脈血栓栓塞 問:為什么妊娠期靜脈血栓栓塞風險增加了? 答:妊娠期生理上和解剖學上的變化增加了血栓栓塞的風險,這些變化包括高凝狀態(tài)、靜脈瘀血增加、靜脈流出減少[13,14]、增大的子宮壓迫下腔靜脈和盆腔靜脈[15]以及活動量的減少[16-19]。妊娠也改變了凝血因子水平(見表1)。所有這些改變使形成血栓的風險增高。 表1. 功能正常的凝血系統(tǒng)在孕期的變化 凝血因子 孕期改變 促凝物質 纖維蛋白原 升高 Ⅶ因子 升高 Ⅷ因子 升高 Ⅹ因子 升高 Von Willerbrand因子 升高 纖溶酶原激活物抑制劑-1 升高 纖溶酶原激活物抑制劑-2 升高 Ⅱ因子 不變 Ⅴ因子 不變 Ⅸ因子 不變 抗凝物質 游離蛋白S 降低 蛋白C 不變 抗凝血酶Ⅲ 不變 數(shù)據(jù)來源于 Bremme KA. Haemostatic changes in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2003;16:153–68 and Medcalf RL, Stasinopoulos SJ. The undecided serpin. The ins and outs of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2. Febs J 2005;272:4858–67. 問:妊娠期深靜脈血栓易發(fā)生于哪些部位?為什么? 答:與非妊娠期相比,妊娠期發(fā)生的深靜脈血栓更常發(fā)生在左下肢以及髂靜脈和髂股靜脈的近端[20-22]。此項差異可能是與右髂動脈壓迫左髂靜脈(May–Thurner解剖學綜合征)加之妊娠子宮壓迫下腔靜脈導致的左下肢靜脈瘀血增加有關。 4. 危險因素 問:在妊娠哪個時期VTE的風險增加? 答:妊娠晚期發(fā)生VTE的風險可能比早期和中期要高[2],但是VTE的風險從妊娠早期即開始增加[21,2],且通常早于妊娠期解剖學出現(xiàn)明顯的變化。 問:妊娠期VTE最重要的個體風險因素是什么? 答:妊娠期VTE最重要的個體風險因素是既往血栓病史。 問:既往妊娠期VTE患者在后續(xù)妊娠中復發(fā)VTE的風險會增加嗎? 答:妊娠期間VTE復發(fā)的風險增加3-4倍(RR, 3.5;95%CI, 1.6-7.8),并且在所有妊娠期VTE的病例中15-25%為復發(fā)者[23]。 問:妊娠期VTE第二個主要個體風險因素是什么?發(fā)生率是多少? 答:妊娠期發(fā)生VTE的第二個主要個體風險因素是易栓癥[3, 22]。在妊娠期和產(chǎn)后發(fā)生VTE的婦女中,有20-25%存在易栓癥[24]。 問:哪種易栓癥增加VTE的風險? 答:獲得性和遺傳性易栓癥都增加VTE的風險[25-27]。 問:妊娠和分娩相伴的生理改變也會導致VTE嗎? 答:除了個人血栓病史或易栓癥或兩者兼而有之外,妊娠相關VTE的主要風險因素是妊娠和分娩相伴的生理改變。 問:還有哪些因素增加VTE的風險? 答:剖宮產(chǎn)(尤其是伴有產(chǎn)后出血或感染)以及醫(yī)學因素或肥胖、高血壓、自身免疫性疾病、心臟病、鐮狀細胞性貧血、多胎妊娠、子癇前期等妊娠并發(fā)癥也會增加VTE的風險[3, 6-8, 28-31]。 問:分娩方式也會影響VTE的發(fā)生率嗎? 答:一項關于剖宮產(chǎn)分娩后VTE風險的薈萃分析發(fā)現(xiàn),剖宮產(chǎn)是VTE發(fā)生的獨立危險因素,據(jù)估計發(fā)生率為3‰,是陰道分娩后VTE發(fā)生率的4倍[32]。 5. 妊娠期抗凝藥物的應用 問:妊娠期抗凝藥物的應用原則有哪些? 答:妊娠期使用抗凝治療需要同時考量母親和胎兒。抗凝治療前,應與患者充分討論風險和收益,讓她們參與選擇合乎自己偏好和價值觀的治療方案[30]。多數(shù)在妊娠前已使用抗凝治療的婦女在妊娠期和產(chǎn)后仍需繼續(xù)治療。常用的抗凝藥物包括低分子肝素、普通肝素和華法林。一般來說,妊娠期推薦使用的抗凝藥物是肝素化合物。 5.1 肝素化合物 問:妊娠期能用肝素嗎? 答:能。無論是普通肝素還是低分子肝素均不能通過胎盤[33, 34],在妊娠期是安全的[35]。 問: 妊娠期抗凝治療需要考慮哪些問題? 答:在妊娠期使用抗凝治療時,需要特別考慮到:妊娠期母體血容量會增加40%-50%;腎小球濾過增加導致肝素化合物腎臟排泄增加;肝素與蛋白的結合增加[36]。妊娠期間,普通肝素和低分子肝素的半衰期均會變短,血漿峰值濃度均會降低,為了保持藥物有效濃度,通常需要更高的劑量和更頻繁的使用[37-43]。在描述普通肝素或低分子肝素治療方案時,調整劑量的普通肝素或低分子肝素是指根據(jù)活化部分凝血活酶時間(APTT)(對于普通肝素)或孕婦的體重(對于低分子肝素)調整的劑量,而預防性或中間劑量則是基于所使用的藥物劑量指定(表2)。 表2. 抗凝方案 抗凝方案 抗凝藥物劑量 預防性LMWH* 依諾肝素40mg SC Qd 達肝素5000U SC Qd 亭扎肝素4500U SC Qd 低分子肝素2850U SC Qd 中間劑量LWMH 依諾肝素40mg SC Q12h 達肝素5000U SC Q12h 調整劑量 (治療性) LMWH? 依諾肝素1mg/kg Q12h 達肝素200U/kg Qd 亭扎肝素175 U/kg Qd 低分子肝素100 U/kg Q12h 使目標抗Xa因子水平在Q12h療法最后注射4小時后達治療范圍,即0.6-1.0U/mL;Qd療法則可能需要更高的劑量 預防性UFH 妊娠早期UFH 5000–7500U SC Q12h 妊娠中期UFH 7500–10000U SC Q12h 妊娠晚期UFH 10000U SC Q12h,除非APTT升高 調整劑量 (治療性) UFH UFH 10000U或以上SC Q12h,調整劑量使目標APTT在注射后6小時達治療范圍(1.5 - 2.5) 產(chǎn)后抗凝 預防性、中等或調整劑量LMWH治療至產(chǎn)后6 - 8周 口服抗凝血藥的時間則根據(jù)計劃治療時間、是否哺乳和患者的偏好而不同 監(jiān)測 臨床上應當警惕和觀察孕產(chǎn)婦是否有可疑深靜脈血栓或肺栓塞的風險。應當在妊娠前或妊娠早期即開始進行VTE風險評估,如果并發(fā)癥進展則應進行再次評估,尤其是那些需要住院治療或長時間不活動的患者。 縮寫:APTT 活化部分凝血活酶時間;INR 國際標準化比值;LMWH 低分子肝素;SC皮下注射;UFH(unfractionated heparin)普通肝素;VTE深靜脈血栓形成 *在極端體重情況下,劑量可能需要修改 ?也稱為依據(jù)體重調整、全治療劑量。 問:臨床更推薦使用肝素還是低分子肝素預防和治療靜脈血栓栓塞? 答:由于低分子肝素更加可靠且易于管理,無論是否妊娠,均推薦應用低分子肝素預防和治療靜脈血栓栓塞,而非普通肝素[30]。 問:相比于普通肝素,低分子肝素有哪些優(yōu)勢? 答:妊娠期關于低分子肝素和普通肝素應用對比的研究很少,但在非妊娠期,低分子肝素的不良反應要少于普通肝素[30]。低分子肝素的潛在優(yōu)勢包括出血風險小、可預見的治療反應較好、肝素誘發(fā)的血小板減少癥風險更小、半衰期更長、骨質流失更少[35, 44, 45]。重要的是,在妊娠期使用抗凝劑量時,無論低分子肝素還是普通肝素,都不會引起明顯的骨質流失[46-48]。 問:普通肝素有哪些不良反應? 答:普通肝素可能引起注射部位瘀青,也可能引起其他皮膚反應和嚴重的過敏反應[49]。 問:圍產(chǎn)期使用低分子肝素有什么缺點? 答:圍產(chǎn)期使用低分子肝素的缺點在于,半衰期較長,無法依據(jù)標準實驗室檢查(如APTT)快速評估當前效果,并且無法用藥物拮抗其作用,這在椎管內(nèi)麻醉和有圍產(chǎn)期出血風險時要重點考慮。 5.2 華法林 問:華法林是一種什么藥? 答:華法林是一種維生素K拮抗劑,是非妊娠期長期抗凝治療的常用藥,但對胎兒可能有一定的潛在損害,尤其是妊娠早期 [50-56]。 問:長期使用抗凝治療的患者,妊娠期是否可以繼續(xù)應用華法林? 答:華法林相關的胚胎病變與妊娠6-12周暴露于華法林有關,妊娠前和妊娠早期使用華法林者應予重視 [57]。對于多數(shù)長期使用抗凝治療的患者,建議在妊娠期使用低分子肝素來替代華法林。 問:哪一類孕婦可以繼續(xù)使用華法林治療? 答:雖然維生素K拮抗劑很少用于妊娠期,但對于有機械性心臟瓣膜的妊娠婦女,因為使用普通肝素或低分子肝素抗凝治療仍有較高的血栓風險,故此類患者仍可考慮使用維生素K拮抗劑如華法林治療[58]。 問:應如何監(jiān)管妊娠期繼續(xù)使用華法林治療的患者? 答:這類患者的抗凝治療需要多學科協(xié)作,需要與患者及其婦產(chǎn)科醫(yī)生或其他醫(yī)護人員針對不同治療方案在不同孕周的利弊進行詳細討論決定取舍。 問:對于有機械性心臟瓣膜的妊娠婦女如何抗凝治療? 答:治療方案包括整個妊娠期均使用低分子肝素或普通肝素;或自妊娠6周-13周使用調整劑量的低分子肝素或普通肝素,妊娠13周后使用維生素K拮抗劑直至接近分娩,其后再使用低分子肝素或普通肝素[58]。 問:應用華法林治療的孕婦意外分娩,應采用哪種分娩方式? 答:應用華法林的患者發(fā)生胎兒出血的風險在圍產(chǎn)期時最高;因此,如果正在應用維生素K拮抗劑治療的孕婦意外分娩,就可能需要剖宮產(chǎn)分娩。 問:新生兒需要特殊處置嗎? 答:新生兒可能需要維生素K和新鮮冰凍血漿的治療。 5.3 口服直接凝血酶抑制劑和Xa因子抑制劑 問:妊娠和哺乳期是否能用口服直接凝血酶抑制劑和Xa因子抑制劑? 答:應避免在妊娠期和哺乳期應用口服直接凝血酶抑制劑(達比加群)和Xa因子抑制劑(利伐沙班、阿哌沙班、依度沙班、貝曲西班),目前尚缺乏足夠的數(shù)據(jù)來評估其對孕產(chǎn)婦、胎兒以及母乳喂養(yǎng)新生兒的安全性[59]。對人類胎盤的體外研究表明,口服直接凝血酶抑制劑和Xa因子抑制劑能夠通過胎盤,因此人們擔心它們會間接對胎兒凝血系統(tǒng)造成影響[60-62]。同樣地,產(chǎn)婦攝入口服直接凝血酶抑制劑和Xa因子抑制劑后,在母乳中也可以檢測出來[63, 64]。關于妊娠早期口服直接凝血酶抑制劑(達比加群)和Xa因子抑制劑與先天畸形的關系很大程度上仍屬未知。一項前瞻性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在37名無意中服用利伐沙班的妊娠婦女中,一名患者的胎兒出現(xiàn)了心臟圓錐動脈干畸形;然而,這名患者在未服用利伐沙班時就曾有過一個患有心臟缺陷的孩子[65]。 問:口服直接凝血酶抑制劑或Xa因子抑制劑的患者應當在妊娠前或孕期更換為哪種藥? 答:在有新的數(shù)據(jù)支持前,口服直接凝血酶抑制劑或Xa因子抑制劑的患者應當在妊娠前或妊娠期盡快更換為低分子肝素。 指南針(中),敬請期待 參考文獻 1 Heit JA, Kobbervig CE, James AH, Petterson TM, Bailey KR, Melton LJ III. 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