第一部分 基礎(chǔ)知識 1.字母:26個字母的大小寫 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz 2.音標:48個音標 3.詞匯:詞匯量,近反義詞 4.句子:大小寫,標點符號 第二部分 語法知識 1名詞:名詞單復(fù)數(shù),名詞的格 (一)名詞單復(fù)數(shù) 1.一般情況,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds 2.以s. x. sh. ch結(jié)尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches 3.以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾,變y為i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries 4.以“f或fe”結(jié)尾,變f或fe為v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives 5.不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù): man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 不可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)就是原型:paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea (二)名詞的格 (1) 有生命的東西的名詞所有格: a) 單數(shù)后加 ’s 如: Lucy’s ruler my father’s shirt b) 以s 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加 ’如: his friends’ bags c) 不以s 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)后加 ’s children’s shoes 并列名詞中,如果把 ’s加在最后一個名詞后,表示共有, 如: Tom and Mike’s car 湯姆和邁克共有的小汽車 要表示所有物不是共有的,應(yīng)分別在并列名詞后加’s Tom’s and Mike’s cars 湯姆和麥克各自的小汽車 (2)表示無生命東西的名詞通常用“ of +名詞”來表示所有關(guān)系:如: a picture of the classroom a map of China 2冠詞:不定冠詞,定冠詞種類 (1)不定冠詞:a / an 元音開頭的可數(shù)名詞前用an : an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson / (2)定冠詞:the 定冠詞的用法: (1)特指某(些)人或某(些)物:The ruler is on the desk. (2)復(fù)述上文提到的人或物:He has a sweater. The sweater is new. (3)談話雙方都知道的人或物:The boys aren’t at school. (4)在序數(shù)詞前:John’s birthday is February the second. (5)用于固定詞組中:in the morning / afternoon / evening 不用冠詞的情況: (1)專有名詞前:China is a big country. (2)名詞前有定語:this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等: This is my baseball. (3)復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示一類人和事:Monkeys can’t swim. They are teachers. (4)在節(jié)日,日期,月份,季節(jié)前:Today is Christmas Day. It’s Sunday. (5)一日三餐前:We have breakfast at 6:30. (6)球類 棋類運動前:They often play football after class. He plays chess at home. * 但樂器前要用定冠詞:I play the guitar very well. (7)學(xué)科名稱前:My favorite subject is music. (8)在稱呼或頭銜的名詞前:This is Mr Li. (9)固定詞組中:at noon at night by bus 3代詞、形容詞、副詞 代詞:人稱代詞,物主代詞 人稱代詞物主代詞 主格賓格 第一 人稱單數(shù)I(我)me my(我的) 復(fù)數(shù)we(我們)us our(我們的) 第二 人稱單數(shù)you(你) you your(你的) 復(fù)數(shù)you(你們)you your(你們的) 第三 人稱單數(shù)he(他)him his(他的) she(她)her her(她的) it(它)it its(它的) 復(fù)數(shù)they(他們/她們/它們)them their(他們的/她們的/它們的) 形容詞,副詞:比較級,最高級 (一)、形容詞的比較級 1、形容詞比較級在句子中的運用:兩個事物或人的比較用比較級,比較級后面一般帶有單詞than。比較級前面可以用more, a little來修飾表示程度。than后的人稱代詞用主格(口語中可用賓格)。 2.形容詞加er的規(guī)則: ⑴ 一般在詞尾加er ; ⑵ 以字母e 結(jié)尾,加r ; ⑶ 以一個元音字母和一個輔音字母結(jié)尾,應(yīng)雙寫末尾的輔音字母,再加er ; ⑷ 以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾,先把y變i,再加er 。 3.不規(guī)則形容詞比較級: good-better, beautiful-more beautiful (二)副詞的比較級 1.形容詞與副詞的區(qū)別(有be用形,有形用be;有動用副,有副用動) ⑴在句子中形容詞一般處于名詞之前或be動詞之后 ⑵副詞在句子中最常見的是處于實義動詞之后 2.副詞比較級的變化規(guī)則基本與形容詞比較級相同(不規(guī)則變化:well-better, far-farther) 4數(shù)詞:基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞 基數(shù)詞 (1)1-20 one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen, sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty (2)21-99 先說“幾十”,再說“幾”,中間加連字符。 23→twenty-three,34→thirty-four,45→forty—five,56→fifty-six,67→sixty-seven,78→seventy-eight,89→eighty-nine,91→ninety-one (3)101—999先說“幾百”,再加and,再加末兩位數(shù)或末位數(shù); 586→five hundred and eighty-six,803→eight hundred and three (4)l,000以上,先從右往左數(shù),每三位數(shù)加一個“,”,第一個“,”前為thousand.第二個“,”前為million,第三個“,”前為billion 1,001→one thousand and one 18,423→eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-three 6,260,309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine 750,000,000,000→seven hundred and fifty billion 序數(shù)詞 (1)一般在基數(shù)詞后加th eg.four→fourth,thirteen→thirteenth (2)不規(guī)則變化 one→first,two→second,three→third,five→fifth,eight→eighth,nine→ninth,twelve—twelfth (3)以y結(jié)尾的十位整數(shù),變y為ie再加th twenty→twentieth, forty→fortieth, ninety→ninetieth (4)從二十一后的“幾十幾”直至“幾百幾十幾”或“幾千幾百幾十幾”只將個位的基數(shù)詞變?yōu)樾驍?shù)詞。 twenty-first,two hundred and forty-fifth 基數(shù)詞轉(zhuǎn)為序數(shù)詞的口訣 基變序,有規(guī)律,詞尾加上-th. 一,二,三,特殊記,詞尾字母t,d,d. 八去t,九去e, ve要用f替。 ty將y變成i,th前面有個e. 若是碰到幾十幾,前用基來后用序。 5介詞:常用介詞:in, on, at, behind等 1.at表示時間概念的某一個點。(在某時刻、時間、階段等)。 at 1:00(dawn,midnight,noon)在一點鐘(黎明、午夜、中午) 2.on 1)表示具體日期。 注:(1)關(guān)于"在周末"的幾種表示法: at(on)the weekend在周末---特指 at(on)weekends在周末---泛指 over the weekend在整個周末 during the weekend在周末期間 (2)在圣誕節(jié),應(yīng)說at Christmas?而不說on Christmas? 2)在(剛……)的時候。 On reaching the city he called up his parents. 一到城里他就給父母打了一個電話。 3.in 1)表示"時段"、"時期",在多數(shù)情況下可以和during互換,前者強調(diào)對比,后者強調(diào)持續(xù)。in(during)1988(December,the 20th century)在一九八八年(十二月、二十世紀) 6動詞:動詞的四種時態(tài) (1)一般現(xiàn)在時: 一般現(xiàn)在時的構(gòu)成 1. be動詞:主語+be(am, is, are)+其它。如:I am a boy. 我是一個男孩。 2. 行為動詞:主語+行為動詞(+其它)。如:We study English. 我們學(xué)習(xí)英語。 當(dāng)主語為第三人稱單數(shù)(he, she, it)時,要在動詞后加"-s"或"-es"。如:Mary likes Chinese.瑪麗喜歡漢語。 動詞+s的變化規(guī)則 1.一般情況下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks, milk-milks 2.以s. x. sh. ch. o結(jié)尾,加-es,如:guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes 3.以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾,變y為i, 再加-es,如:study-studies (2)一般過去時: 動詞過去式詳解 動詞的過去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則有: A、規(guī)則動詞 ① 一般直接在動詞的后面加ed:如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited ② 以e結(jié)尾的動詞直接加d:如 lived , danced , used ③ 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動詞要改y為i再加ed(此類動詞較少)如 study – studied carry – carried worry – worried (注意play、stay不是輔音字母加y,所以不屬于此類) ④ 雙寫最后一個字母(此類動詞較少)如 stopped B、不規(guī)則動詞(此類詞并無規(guī)則,須熟記)小學(xué)階段要記住以下動詞的原形和過去式:sing – sang , eat – ate , see – saw , have – had , do – did , go – went , take – took , buy – bought , get – got , read – read ,fly – flew , am/is – was ,are – were , say – said , leave – left , swim – swam , tell – told , draw – drew , come – came , lose – lost , find – found , drink – drank , hurt – hurt , feel – felt (3)一般將來時: 基本結(jié)構(gòu): ①be going to + do; ②will+ do. be going to = will I am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天). = I will go swimming tomorrow. (4)現(xiàn)在進行時: am,is,are+動詞現(xiàn)在分詞 動詞現(xiàn)在分詞詳解 動詞的ing形式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則: ① 一般的直接在后面加上ing , 如doing , going , working , singing , eating ② 以e 結(jié)尾的動詞,要先去e再加ing ,如having , writing ③ 雙寫最后一個字母的(此類動詞極少)有:running , swimming , sitting , getting 第三部分 句法 (1)肯定句:是指用肯定的語氣來陳述的句子,如:I’m a student. She is a doctor. He works in a hospital. There are four fans in our classroom. He will eat lunch at 12:00. I watched TV yesterday evening. (2)否定句:含有否定詞或表示否定意義詞的句子,如:I’m not a student. She is not (isn’t) a doctor. He does not (doesn’t) work in a hospital. There are not (aren’t) four fans in our classroom. He will not (won’t) eat lunch at 12:00. I did not (didn’t) watch TV yesterday evening. 一般疑問句:是指詢問事實的句子,此類句子必須用“yes”,或“no”來回答。 特殊疑問句:以特殊疑問詞(what , where , who , which , when , whose , why , how等)開頭引導(dǎo)的句子。此類句子應(yīng)該問什么就答什么,不能用“yes 、no”來回答。 There be 句型與have, has的區(qū)別 1、There be 句型表示:在某地有某物(或人) 2、在there be 句型中,主語是單數(shù),be 動詞用is ; 主語是復(fù)數(shù),be 動詞用are ; 如有幾件物品,be 動詞根據(jù)最*近be 動詞的那個名詞決定。 3、there be 句型的否定句在be 動詞后加not , 一般疑問句把be 動詞調(diào)到句首。 4、there be句型與have(has) 的區(qū)別:there be 表示在某地有某物(或人);have(has) 表示某人擁有某物。 5、some 和any 在there be 句型中的運用:some 用于肯定句, any 用于否定句或疑問句。 6、and 和or 在there be句型中的運用:and 用于肯定句, or 用于否定句或疑問句。 7、針對數(shù)量提問的特殊疑問句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是: How many + 名詞復(fù)數(shù) + are there + 介詞短語? How much + 不可數(shù)名詞 + is there + 介詞短語? 8、針對主語提問的特殊疑問句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是: What’s + 介詞短語? |
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