題記:這兩年忙(玩)得不亦樂(lè)乎,都快忘了老本行是干什么的。前幾天碰見(jiàn)一句話:“一個(gè)人都溫飽無(wú)憂了,何必還為掙錢(qián),把自己搞得連翻譯這么有樂(lè)趣的事都不做呢?”看完,竟有找一篇建筑類(lèi)文章來(lái)翻譯的沖動(dòng)。
曾在NG上看過(guò)一篇介紹圣母百花大教堂的文章,當(dāng)時(shí)就覺(jué)得這建筑太牛逼了!囫圇吞棗完想:等有時(shí)間,一定要再仔細(xì)琢磨;等有一天,一定要去膜拜。這一等二等,就蹉跎了好幾年…… 好,就這篇了,全文共16段,將分4篇完成。 Il Duomo Brunelleschi's Dome How did a hot-tempered goldsmith with no formal architectural training create the most miraculous edifice of the Renaissance?
伊爾大教堂 布魯內(nèi)萊斯基的穹頂 一位沒(méi)受過(guò)正式建筑學(xué)訓(xùn)練、脾氣暴躁的金匠,是如何建造了文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期最不可思議、堪稱不朽的建筑?
文 By Tom Mueller 攝影 Photograph by Dave Yoder 來(lái)自 National Geographic Feb. 2014
The dome of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence, Italy, was completed in 1436. Its supple curves and innovative engineering are a monument to the genius of Filippo Brunelleschi.
1436年,意大利佛羅倫薩的圣母百花大教堂穹頂完成了,它那優(yōu)美的弧線和超前的技術(shù),是紀(jì)念天才菲利波 . 布魯內(nèi)萊斯基的一座豐碑。 1. In 1418 the town fathers of
Florence finally addressed a monumental problem they'd been ignoring for decades: the enormous hole in the roof
of their cathedral. Season after season, the winter rains and summer sun had
streamed in over Santa Maria del Fiore’s
high altar—or where the high altar should
have been. Their predecessors had begun the church in 1296 to showcase the
status of Florence as one of Europe’s
economic and cultural capitals, grown rich on high finance and the wool and
silk trades. It was later decided that the structure’s crowning glory would be the largest cupola on
Earth, ensuring the church would be “more
useful and beautiful, more powerful and honorable” than any other ever built, as the grandees of Florence decreed. 1418年,佛羅倫薩城神父?jìng)兘K于決定,是時(shí)候面對(duì)那個(gè)被擱置幾十年的大麻煩了:他們的大教堂還缺一個(gè)巨大的屋頂。春夏秋冬日復(fù)一日風(fēng)吹日曬,圣母百花大教堂的主祭壇,或損毀、或移位了。這座教堂始建于1296年他們的前任,意在向世人展示,通過(guò)高額融資和羊毛絲綢的交易,佛羅倫薩已成為一個(gè)歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化的中心。很快,佛羅倫薩的權(quán)貴們宣布:他們將建造一個(gè)地球上最大的穹頂,為佛羅倫薩加冕。他們保證:這座教堂將比任何其它建筑都“更有用、更美麗、更強(qiáng)大、更榮耀”。 2. Still, many decades later, no one seemed to have a viable idea of how to build a dome nearly 150 feet across, especially as it would have to start 180 feet above the ground, atop the existing walls. Other questions plagued the cathedral overseers. Their building plans eschewed the flying buttresses and pointed arches of the traditional Gothic style then favored by rival northern cities like Milan, Florence’s archenemy. Yet these were the only architectural solutions known to work in such a vast structure. Could a dome weighing tens of thousands of tons stay up without them? Was there enough timber in Tuscany for the scaffolding and templates that would be needed to shape the dome’s masonry? And could a dome be built at all on the octagonal floor plan dictated by the existing walls—eight pie-shaped wedges—without collapsing inward as the masonry arced toward the apex? No one knew. 事實(shí)上,這個(gè)大穹頂?shù)姆桨赣懻摿藥资?,沒(méi)人能想出一個(gè)切實(shí)可行的辦法,去完成這樣一個(gè)跨度達(dá)46米的大穹頂?最麻煩的是,基座墻早已砌好,它得從距地面56米高的地方開(kāi)始建。另外還有其它問(wèn)題,困擾著大教堂執(zhí)事們:當(dāng)初因?yàn)榉鹆_倫薩與北邊的米蘭相互看不順眼,傲嬌的設(shè)計(jì)師故意拋棄了傳統(tǒng)的“飛扶壁”哥特式拱門(mén)結(jié)構(gòu)—— 時(shí)下處理大型結(jié)構(gòu)唯一可行的辦法。問(wèn)題來(lái)了:1)沒(méi)了結(jié)構(gòu)的支撐,重達(dá)幾萬(wàn)噸的穹頂受力如何解決?2)多斯加尼產(chǎn)的木材夠用嗎?這個(gè)巨大的磚石結(jié)構(gòu)穹頂,需要大量的搭腳手架和模板;3)已經(jīng)建好的墻決定了這個(gè)大穹頂必須做成八邊形——像八個(gè)餅狀楔子,問(wèn)題是越往高走,圓頂會(huì)不會(huì)內(nèi)塌?沒(méi)人能回答這些問(wèn)題。 ————————1/4 END —————— EG: “圣母百花大教堂 Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore”,又叫“佛羅倫薩大教堂The Cathedral of Forlence”,當(dāng)?shù)厝朔Q它“伊爾大教堂 Il Duomo“或“布魯內(nèi)萊斯基的穹頂 Brunelleschi's Dome”。 在很久很久以前,大教堂所在地塊只有一座小教堂。1150-1170年,小教堂旁邊建了一座洗禮堂。時(shí)間過(guò)去100多年,洗禮堂不夠用(因?yàn)楣撞脑椒旁蕉啵?,教?huì)決定再建一座大教堂。 設(shè)計(jì)師大筆一揮,藍(lán)圖出來(lái)了。很有可能,當(dāng)時(shí)這哥們一時(shí)興起,隨手畫(huà)了那么大一個(gè)圓。估計(jì)他是這么想的:方案嘛,隨時(shí)可以改,我先這么畫(huà)著。 誰(shuí)知教會(huì)那幫人就認(rèn)定了這個(gè)圓頂,主教換了一茬又一茬,圓頂寧缺毋濫。這件事告訴我們:1、甲方就是甲方(我非常佩服那些能把乙方做成甲方感覺(jué)的人);2、結(jié)構(gòu)工程師永遠(yuǎn)生活在建筑師腦洞陰影面積下,不過(guò)只要一想到菲利波.布魯內(nèi)萊斯基同志,我就非常開(kāi)心——現(xiàn)在結(jié)構(gòu)那點(diǎn)事算個(gè)毛。 設(shè)計(jì)師倒好,畫(huà)完他自己去見(jiàn)上帝了,留給佛羅倫薩人們無(wú)盡的煩擾。 先是勒緊褲帶、自帶干糧建了60年,才建好洗禮堂圍墻和鐘樓。然后是打仗、政教糾葛、傳染病...... 50年。一消停,大家想起大教堂,立刻又開(kāi)始建設(shè)。3年時(shí)間建好了大穹頂?shù)陌私切突?,然后就沒(méi)有然后了...... 因?yàn)闆](méi)人知道那個(gè)大圓頂怎么做。 于是,教會(huì)組織了一場(chǎng)穹頂模型設(shè)計(jì)大賽,最后一名叫聶里的建筑師勝出,他采用了當(dāng)時(shí)歐洲罕見(jiàn)的“內(nèi)外殼”設(shè)計(jì)——其實(shí)伊斯蘭教建筑早用過(guò)。 這個(gè)由佛羅倫薩人民投票選出的模型,擺放在教堂過(guò)道上,供人參觀膜拜(這一擺又是50年)。每一位進(jìn)入教堂的人,都會(huì)在模型前駐足:我們的教堂將來(lái)就長(zhǎng)這樣!其中就有一位家住附近名叫菲利波的小男孩,他經(jīng)常跑進(jìn)教堂,對(duì)著這個(gè)大穹頂發(fā)呆...... 時(shí)間來(lái)到1418年,距離當(dāng)初設(shè)計(jì)師大筆一揮,過(guò)去了快200年,當(dāng)年的小朋友也長(zhǎng)成個(gè)胡子拉碴的大叔了——偉大的佛羅倫薩天才菲利波.布魯內(nèi)萊斯基登上歷史舞臺(tái)! 正如《小王子》作家說(shuō)的:如果你要造一艘船,不要那么急著讓工人去搜集木材、討論分工及制造。相反,你要讓他們萌發(fā)對(duì)壯闊無(wú)邊大海的向往...... |
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來(lái)自: 昵稱30613598 > 《賞畫(huà)》