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來(lái)自ASLA對(duì)gooood的分享。 更多關(guān)于本項(xiàng)目 More about the project: Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park and Kallang River Restoration
項(xiàng)目陳述 通過(guò)熱帶景觀設(shè)施，碧山宏茂橋公園展示了一種新的熱帶城市水文景觀處理方式，這種方式同時(shí)滿足了新加坡水獨(dú)立供給與洪水暴漲治理的雙重要求，同時(shí)在緊湊的城市中創(chuàng)造出了河岸生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。再開(kāi)發(fā)之前，加冷河的混凝土身軀將公園和生活社區(qū)清晰的分割開(kāi)來(lái)，這種狀態(tài)亟待改善。設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)與公園和水利部門考慮重新使用傳統(tǒng)方法來(lái)最大化滿足土地，經(jīng)濟(jì)和人文需求。這種拆除運(yùn)河混凝土溝渠，修復(fù)自然河道的大膽舉措，不僅使其花費(fèi)比運(yùn)河改造設(shè)計(jì)減少了15%，同時(shí)還增大了容量，使其超過(guò)了目標(biāo)承載能力。同時(shí)河流也成為公園的一部分，增加了社區(qū)對(duì)城市水系統(tǒng)的親和力。 Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park provides a new model for tropical urban hydrology through the instrument of landscape infrastructure, addressing Singapore’s dual need for water supply independence and flash flood management while creating access to a thriving riverine ecology within the dense city. Prior to redevelopment, Kallang River was a clear dividing line between the park and community as a straight fenced concrete canal in dire need of an upgrade. The design team worked together with the park and water authorities to rethink traditional infrastructural approaches in order to maximise land, financial and human resources. The brave move to break the canal and restore the river exceeded the targeted carrying capacity while costing 15% less than the redesigned concrete canal. Simple, yet highly engineered, this blurred line between park and river has transformed the community’s pragmatic perception of urban water systems to a relationship that is proud and close to nature.
▲ 新愿景 A New Vision
項(xiàng)目說(shuō)明 PROJECT NARRATIVE 主角 20世紀(jì)60年代-70年代，新加坡經(jīng)歷了快速的現(xiàn)代化與城市化，這一時(shí)期城市中大量修建混凝土排水與運(yùn)河系統(tǒng)以防患大范圍的洪水。加冷河水道的幾處關(guān)鍵位置被建設(shè)為混凝土溝渠，使得雨季時(shí)水可以快速排出。作為新加坡最長(zhǎng)的一條河流，10km長(zhǎng)的加冷河貫穿中心島，從皮爾斯水庫(kù)流向?yàn)I海水庫(kù)，是城市供水體統(tǒng)的一部分。 碧山宏茂橋公園是新加坡最受歡迎的中心地帶公園之一。建于1988年的公園最初是為了在碧山居住新區(qū)與宏茂橋區(qū)之間形成綠色緩沖帶，并提供一定的休閑娛樂(lè)空間。然而，排水管道猶如一條粗線，將公園明顯的分割開(kāi)來(lái)。 2006年新加坡國(guó)家水務(wù)局（PUB）發(fā)起了一項(xiàng)“活力，美麗，清潔”水計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目，提倡改善國(guó)家水體，在滿足給排水功能的同時(shí)，創(chuàng)造出供社區(qū)娛樂(lè)休閑的活力空間，促進(jìn)社區(qū)融合。碧山宏茂橋公園空間急需升級(jí)整合，然而提升運(yùn)河供給與防汛能力又將進(jìn)一步分離公園空間，然而新的方案設(shè)計(jì)整合了這兩個(gè)看似相反的要求。這也是新加坡首次提出拆除加冷河的混凝土溝渠恢復(fù)自然河道。 設(shè)計(jì)方案基于河漫灘的概念，當(dāng)水量小時(shí)，露出寬廣的河岸，為人們營(yíng)造出一個(gè)可供休閑娛樂(lè)的親水平臺(tái)；當(dāng)因暴雨水量上漲時(shí)，臨近河水的公園用地可加寬河道，使水順流而下。這一概念確保了足夠的公園用地，創(chuàng)造出更多交流空間。重新設(shè)計(jì)的河道斷面使河道通過(guò)洪水的最大寬度從原來(lái)的17-24m拓寬到現(xiàn)在的幾乎100m，將對(duì)河水的運(yùn)輸能力提升了近40％。 付諸實(shí)踐 加冷河的修復(fù)工程于2009年10月份啟動(dòng)，要在新河道施工的同時(shí)確保河流系統(tǒng)仍能正常運(yùn)行。一維和二維的水力學(xué)模型研究確保了團(tuán)隊(duì)能夠預(yù)測(cè)水道，建設(shè)更穩(wěn)固和更多變的河流。傳統(tǒng)的土壤生物工程技術(shù)也用于加固新河岸，以作為對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的補(bǔ)充。12種熱帶新技術(shù)在公園內(nèi)測(cè)試，以開(kāi)發(fā)新技術(shù)和平息質(zhì)疑。結(jié)果證明，模型應(yīng)該根據(jù)植物生長(zhǎng)密度，土壤條件，坡度以及植物根強(qiáng)度進(jìn)行調(diào)整。最后，設(shè)計(jì)師和客戶對(duì)建設(shè)團(tuán)隊(duì)進(jìn)行了大量的培訓(xùn)，幫助他們將第一稿草圖最終建設(shè)成型。 活力十足的濱河公園 改造后的河道蜿蜒曲折、寬窄不一，如同自然河流般擁有著多樣化的流動(dòng)形式與流速，塑造出極為寶貴、自然而又多元化的棲息地，為生物多樣性奠定了基礎(chǔ)。而泛濫平原的設(shè)計(jì)為新加坡城市環(huán)境中創(chuàng)造了一種新型高質(zhì)量公共空間，無(wú)論是跨越河流的三座新建橋梁，順著河道延伸的臺(tái)地狀濱河走廊，濱水平臺(tái)，供人橫渡河道的踏石，抑或是引用干凈河水的戲水廣場(chǎng)，種種設(shè)計(jì)都拉進(jìn)了人與河流的距離。而在這種親密的接觸中人們所體驗(yàn)到的自然韻律與美也進(jìn)一步樹(shù)立了人們對(duì)保護(hù)環(huán)境的責(zé)任感。 此外，公園中還新建了兩個(gè)游戲場(chǎng)地，兩個(gè)餐廳，廁所以及用舊河道回收混凝土塊建造而成的地標(biāo)性觀景臺(tái) － “回收山地”。這個(gè)充滿活力，全年無(wú)休的公園儼然已成為了當(dāng)?shù)鼐用袢粘Ｉ畹囊徊糠郑喝藗冊(cè)趶V場(chǎng)上練習(xí)太極，孩子們?cè)谶\(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)地中追逐比賽，而兩兩相依的情侶則在長(zhǎng)凳或隱秘的角落中共度時(shí)光。 生態(tài)多樣性 景觀設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)并沒(méi)有刻意將野生物種引入公園，然而自從恢復(fù)河流的自然化后，公園內(nèi)的物種多樣性增長(zhǎng)了30％， 迄今，已有66種野生花卉，59種鳥類與22種蜻蜓在此安家落戶。 由于新加坡位于擁有50余種遷徙候鳥的亞洲－大洋洲候鳥遷徙路線之內(nèi)，這也使得公園成為了觀賞候鳥的最佳場(chǎng)所。而包括源自非洲的黑臀巧織雀，印尼雨林的點(diǎn)斑林鸮以及安曼群島的長(zhǎng)尾鸚鵡在內(nèi)的“訪客”已帶給了人們無(wú)數(shù)驚喜。 在2015年，水獺一家五口在此安家落戶，迅速得到了周邊社區(qū)與當(dāng)?shù)孛襟w的關(guān)注。在此之前，水獺僅在沿海地區(qū)生活，而它們的出現(xiàn)證明了河流自然化的實(shí)現(xiàn)與成功。如今，隨著5位新成員的加入，這個(gè)家族正在茁壯成長(zhǎng)之中。 河流恢復(fù)設(shè)計(jì)創(chuàng)造了各種各樣的微型棲息地，不僅增加了生態(tài)多樣性，同時(shí)也提升了公園內(nèi)生態(tài)物種的彈性，提高了其長(zhǎng)期存活的能力。熱帶雨林氣候帶中生存著極為豐富的植被群落，而公園所處區(qū)域毗鄰僅次于亞馬遜、擁有全球第二多物種的馬來(lái)群島地區(qū)，其生態(tài)多樣性的潛力也是無(wú)可比擬的。 安全性 野生與自然的狀況并不意味著危險(xiǎn)，事實(shí)上，如果發(fā)生嚴(yán)重的洪水，河水水位緩慢上升，游客有充足的時(shí)間從水邊轉(zhuǎn)移到高處，這也表明新系統(tǒng)更為安全。加冷河還安裝了一個(gè)包括河水水位感應(yīng)器、警告燈、報(bào)警器以及廣播組成的綜合監(jiān)視報(bào)警系統(tǒng)以確保在暴雨和水位上漲之前向公眾發(fā)出警報(bào)。 共同努力實(shí)現(xiàn)多個(gè)目標(biāo) 在公園還未完全建成之前，就出現(xiàn)了“自我管理”的現(xiàn)象，居民開(kāi)始注意公園的清潔和他人的安全。如今，自發(fā)組建的小組定期開(kāi)會(huì)，而學(xué)校也不時(shí)組織學(xué)生對(duì)公園進(jìn)行實(shí)地考察。所有的這些現(xiàn)象都體現(xiàn)出了公眾對(duì)河岸公園態(tài)度的轉(zhuǎn)變并產(chǎn)生了主人公意識(shí)。 當(dāng)城市開(kāi)啟綜合水管理系統(tǒng)時(shí)，就意味著各機(jī)構(gòu)之間的界限變得模糊，面臨著重新劃分的挑戰(zhàn)。但這并不會(huì)讓局面混亂，反而會(huì)因不同機(jī)構(gòu)之間的交流產(chǎn)生出許多新觀點(diǎn)。以往，公園由國(guó)家公園局管理，排水河道由PUB管理。而兩個(gè)部分的合作，給社區(qū)帶來(lái)了多項(xiàng)益處。雖然說(shuō)服從土地利用總體規(guī)劃層面到兒童藝術(shù)、教育培訓(xùn)班的利益相關(guān)者和吸引每一領(lǐng)域的專家增加了重重困難，但最終團(tuán)隊(duì)的愿景得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。許多下游項(xiàng)目借鑒了這種工作模式，催化了許多類似的機(jī)構(gòu)之間的合作。 這個(gè)項(xiàng)目采用的是局部之和大于整體的方法。碧山宏茂橋公園不僅僅是公園，加冷河也不僅僅是一條排水溝渠，兩者相互依存，是社會(huì)和生態(tài)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。碧山宏茂橋公園是公園與水資源、洪水管控、生物多樣化、娛樂(lè)的巧妙結(jié)合，與此同時(shí)增進(jìn)了人與水的情感聯(lián)系，增加了公民對(duì)水資源的責(zé)任感，是城市公園作為生態(tài)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的優(yōu)秀案例。
▲ 總平面圖 Illustrative Site Plan
▲ 社區(qū)中心的公園 A Community Centric Park
▲ 更多的河流空間，更多的公園空間 More River, More Park
▲ 跨機(jī)構(gòu)協(xié)作 Multi-Agency Collaboration
▲ 100%回收利用 100% RECYCLED
▲ 熱帶地區(qū)首創(chuàng)的土壤生物工程 Pioneering Soil Bioengineering in the Tropics
▲ 暴雨管理 Stormwater Management
▲ 與自然融合的設(shè)計(jì) A Biophillic Design
▲ 迎接自然生態(tài) Embracing Wildlife
▲ 水體日均凈化量達(dá)到86萬(wàn)立方 8,640,000 Liters of Pond Water Cleansed Daily
▲ 水資產(chǎn) Water As An Asset
▲ 曾經(jīng)消失的水獺的回歸 Once Extinct, Now A Resident
▲ 社區(qū)參與 Community Participation
▲ 成為旅游熱點(diǎn)的公園 A Destination Park
The Protagonist With the rapid modernisation and urbanisation of Singapore in the 1960s and 70s, concrete drains and canals were built to alleviate widespread flooding. Likewise, the Kallang River was set within a concrete channel in several key places so that water from heavy monsoons would drain out quickly. As the nation’s longest river, it flows 10km through the centre of the island, from Lower Peirce Reservoir to the Marina Reservoir, also serving as part of the larger system providing drinking water to the city. Bishan – Ang Mo Kio Park is one of Singapore’s most popular heartland parks. It was constructed in 1988 as a leisure destination and green buffer between the residential new towns of Bishan and Ang Mo Kio. However, the detachment of the park was apparent with the drainage canal demarcating a harsh line. In 2006, Singapore’s national water agency, PUB, initiated the Active, Beautiful and Clean Waters Programme – a long-term initiative to transform the country’s water bodies beyond their functions of drainage and water supply, into vibrant, new spaces for community bonding and recreation. As part of a much-needed park upgrade and plans to improve the capacity of the canal bisecting the park, the new design integrates the seemingly opposing requirements. And thus, the plan to break down the concrete channel and create a naturalized waterway was conceived for the first time in Singapore. Rebirth of the River Designed based on a floodplain concept, people can get closer to water and enjoy recreational activities along the generous river banks when water level is low, and during heavy rain, park land that is next to the river doubles up as a conveyance channel, carrying the water flow downstream, enabling multiple land uses within the park and creating more spaces for communal activities. The re-engineering of the river cross section means that whereas before the channel had a maximum width of 17-24 m at flood capacity, the river can now spread to almost 100m in width. This increases the river’s conveyance capacity by approximately 40%. Making It Work Construction of the naturalised river started in October 2009. In a feat of sequenced engineering, works to create the new river started while the canal was still functional. 1D and 2D hydraulic modelling studies of the planned river were made so that the team could predict the water course and design for a more robust and varied river. Complementing the computer simulations, traditional soil bioengineering techniques were proposed to stabilise the new river banks. A site within the park was commissioned to test 12 techniques new to the tropics, developing new knowledge and quelling doubts. Results proved healthy vegetation growth and in a reiterative process, soil conditions, slope and plant root strength were examples of adjustments made to the models. Lastly, design experts and clients invested heavily into the training of construction team, who took the first sketches into built form. A Vibrant River Park The alignment of the new river channel integrates meanders and varying widths to create diverse flow patterns which are characteristic of natural river systems, creating ecologically valuable, natural and diverse habitats for biodiversity. The design of the floodplain has also introduced a new typology and quality of public space in urban Singapore – three new bridges, a terraced riverside gallery, river platforms, stepping stones across the river and a water playground fed with naturally cleansed river water are all features that enable one to connect with the river. This ability to get close to water and experience all its natural rhythms and beauty transforms peoples’ sense of responsibility to their environment. Other new facilities include two playgrounds, two new restaurants, toilets and the landmark “Recycle Hill”, a look-out point built from blocks of concrete recycled from the old channel. The vibrant park is open 24/7 and is at the centre of local life; there are plazas to practise tai chi, fields to play soccer and catch and beautifully crafted benches and nooks for lovers. Biodiversity No wildlife was introduced to the park, but the presence of the naturalized river has seen the park’s biodiversity increased by 30%. A total of 66 species of wildflower, 59 species of birds and 22 species of dragonfly have been since identified. The park has the advantageous opportunity to host migratory bird visitors due to the country’s location within the Asian-Australasian Flyway, an area with over 50 migratory species travelling along it. A few surprise visitors have already been spotted, including Zanzibar Red Bishop, native to Africa, the Spotted Wood Owl, native to the jungle forest in Indonesia and the Long Tailed Parakeet, native in the Andaman Islands. In 2015, a family of five otters called the park home, with their presence capturing the hearts of the community and even the local media’s attention. This is a significant win for all as otters had been spotted only around the coast previously – a testament to the re-naturalisation of the river. The family has grown bigger since, with five new pups joining the famous clan. The restoration of the river has created a huge variety of micro-habitats, which does not only increase the biological diverseness, but also the resilience of species within the park, making vast improvement to their long term survival ability. With the tropical rainforest climate home to an abundance of lush vegetation, and the area located near to the Malay Archipelago (one of the world’s greatest biodiversity hotspots, second only to the Amazon), the potential for biodiversity is fantastic. Safety “Wild” and natural is not necessarily more dangerous, the new system is actually a lot safer — even in a heavy flood downpour, the river fills slowly providing ample time for people to comfortably move away from the water to higher ground. A comprehensive river monitoring and warning system with water level sensors, warning lights, sirens and audio announcements are in place to provide early warning in the event of impending heavy rain or rising water levels. Working together to fulfil multiple objectives Even before the park was completed, the phenomenon of “self-policing” had been observed with locals looking out for the cleanliness of the park and the safety of others. Now, self-organised interest groups meet regularly and schools have field trips to the park – all a reflection of a changing attitude and ownership towards the river park. When integrated water management is applied in cities, it often means that the boundaries of agencies are not as clear and have to be redefined. This does not mean chaos, but rather, the opportunity for cross-pollination of ideas. While before, the responsibility of the park laid with the National Parks Board and the drainage channel, PUB, the two agencies collaborated, bringing multi-beneficial results to the community. The graceful and effortless outcome is a result of the team’s determination to see the vision come to life – from the master plan level of land use planning to art and education workshops with children, convincing stakeholders and engaging experts at every level added complexity but robustness to the project. This work model has catalysed similar inter-agency partnerships for many downstream projects. The holistic approach recognizes that the whole is more than the sum of its parts. Bishan–Ang Mo Kio Park is not just a park and the Kallang River not merely a drainage channel. This is ecological and social infrastructure: the two are integrated and interdependent. The park is an inspiring example of how a city park can function as ecological infrastructure, a smart combination of water source, flood management, biodiversity, recreation, and thanks to personal contact and an emotional connection with water, increasing civic responsibility towards water. PROJECT CREDITS Ramboll Studio Dreiseitl Team: Engineer: CH2M Hill |
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來(lái)自： body_and_soul > 《tropical modern》
