(本文選自《魔方英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》第二章第六節(jié)。已經(jīng)登記版權(quán)，請(qǐng)勿用于商業(yè)用途。)

英語(yǔ)的主謂一致，是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的難點(diǎn)，也是高考中的熱點(diǎn)。主謂一致的三原則是：（語(yǔ)法）形式一致原則，意義一致原則，就近一致原則。但是到底什么時(shí)候用形式一致原則，什么時(shí)候用意義一致原則呢？讀了這篇文章后，就不用再為這個(gè)問(wèn)題糾結(jié)了！因?yàn)?，主謂一致的根本原則是意義一致原則。

主謂一致，指主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)之間在數(shù)與人稱上保持一致，其中，最重要的是數(shù)的一致，即，主語(yǔ)的單/復(fù)數(shù)決定謂語(yǔ)的單/復(fù)數(shù)。應(yīng)該注意的是，主語(yǔ)的數(shù)是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)加s，而謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)是單數(shù)時(shí)加s。剛好相反。（見(jiàn)右表）。如，I bought three watches yesterday.（名詞，復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)加-(e)s）。He watches TV every day.（動(dòng)詞，單數(shù)時(shí)加-(e)s）

主謂一致的根本原則是意義一致原則。①主謂一致，一般情況下采用意義一致原則。什么是意義一致原則呢？無(wú)論主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)形式還是復(fù)數(shù)形式，若表示單數(shù)意義，則謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)；若表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，則謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。②主謂一致，個(gè)別情況下采用就近一致原則（可以看做權(quán)宜之計(jì)）。什么是就近一致原則呢？在某些并列主語(yǔ)情況下，按照緊挨著謂語(yǔ)的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)來(lái)確定謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)。

一. 使用主謂一致原則，首先得找到主語(yǔ)

使用主謂一致原則，首先得找到主語(yǔ)。謂語(yǔ)的左邊緊挨著的詞或短語(yǔ)，并非就是主語(yǔ)。

常見(jiàn)有三種情況妨礙我們找到主語(yǔ)：

1. 排除定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)（如介詞短語(yǔ)）的干擾，找到主語(yǔ)。主語(yǔ)后常跟的定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)有：①表示增加的：with, along with, together with；as well as, as much as；in addition to, accompanied by, besides, plus等。②表示減去的：but(除去)，except等。③表示補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的：such as, like, including, rather than等。如，

●The man (together) with his children sits on the sofa watching TV.

●The teacher as well as the students was excited.

2.找到省略了的主語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)于“所有格或物主代詞+（省略掉的名詞）”。如，

●The doctor’s is on this side of the street.（The doctor’s=The doctor’s house，所以謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)）

●Your shoes are black, mine are brown.（mine=my shoes，所以謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)）

3.找到倒裝句的主語(yǔ)。如，

●South of the city is a large stadium.（主語(yǔ)是stadium，所以謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)）

●In front of the girl are some flowers.（主語(yǔ)是flowers，所以謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)）

二. 單個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致，采用意義一致原則

單個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致，采用意義一致原則，也就是主語(yǔ)意義與謂語(yǔ)意義之間保持一致。言下之意就是不管形式只看意義：不管主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)形式還是復(fù)數(shù)形式，若表示單數(shù)意義則謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)；若表示復(fù)數(shù)意義則謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。換句話說(shuō)，不管你主語(yǔ)形式與主語(yǔ)意義一致也罷，或者主語(yǔ)形式與主語(yǔ)意義不一致也罷，反正我就抱定一個(gè)宗旨不變，只按照主語(yǔ)意義確定謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)。見(jiàn)下表，

下邊詳細(xì)講解。

1. 一般地，單數(shù)形式表示單數(shù)意義，所以謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)；復(fù)數(shù)形式表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，所以謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。此規(guī)則在此篇幅很少，但是實(shí)際使用中頻率最高，占大多數(shù)情況。所以，稱為“一般地”，言下之意，其余都是“特別地”。如，

●A tree has fallen across the road.一株樹倒下橫在路上。

●Little streams feed big rivers.小河流入大江。

2.單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致。這些名詞有：deer鹿，sheep羊，fish魚。這些名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)分兩種情況：表示單數(shù)意義時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)；表示復(fù)數(shù)意義時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如，

●This sheep is mine and those sheep are mine，too.

●There are some sheep in the woods.

3. 單數(shù)形式的集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致。分兩種情況：若看作一個(gè)整體，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。若看作各個(gè)成員，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如，

●His family is larger than mine.（整體）

●The family are watching TV.（成員）

●Our football team is playing well.我們球隊(duì)踢得很好。

●Our football team are having baths.我們隊(duì)員正在洗澡。

4.復(fù)數(shù)形名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致。這些名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)分兩種情況：表示單數(shù)意義時(shí)（前邊有a/this/that修飾），其謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。表示復(fù)數(shù)意義時(shí)（前邊有all/these/those修飾），其謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如，

●A crossroads is a place where roads cross.

●There are several crossroads here.

●Every means has been tried.每種方法都試過(guò)了。

●Those means have been tried.那些方法都試過(guò)了。

只用作單數(shù)或只用作復(fù)數(shù)的復(fù)數(shù)形名詞。①以-ings結(jié)尾的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如，belongings所有物，savings儲(chǔ)蓄，shortcomings缺點(diǎn)，surroundings環(huán)境。例句：Our total earnings are about forty dollars.②news(新聞)和gallows(絞架)等名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。

5. 由兩部分構(gòu)成的物體作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致。這些名詞有：shoes，trousers，scissors，glasses等。這些名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)分兩種情況：若主語(yǔ)前有量詞（如pair），謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)由量詞決定；若主語(yǔ)前沒(méi)有量詞，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如，

●The pair of shoes is her sisters.

●The shoes are her sisters.

●This pair of trousers is mine.

●Tom，here are your new trousers. please put them on.

6. 以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致。這些名詞有：maths數(shù)學(xué)，physics物理學(xué)，politics政治學(xué)，economics經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，等。這些名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)分為兩種情況：在表示“學(xué)科”時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)；在表示具體的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)/性能/現(xiàn)象時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如，

●Statistics is a branch of mathematics.統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)是數(shù)學(xué)的分支。

●Statistics show that there are more boy than girls at school.統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字表明男孩比女孩多。

7. 表示度量/距離/金額/時(shí)間等的名詞復(fù)數(shù)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主語(yǔ)一致。分兩種情況：若表示數(shù)值（看作一個(gè)整體），謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)；若表示數(shù)量（看作多個(gè)個(gè)體的總和），謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。如，

●Three years has passed.

●Three years have passed since we met last time.

●Twelve is a small number.

●Twelve were boys.

8.不定式/動(dòng)名詞/從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致。

①單個(gè)不定式或動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上互不關(guān)聯(lián)的事，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上密切關(guān)聯(lián)為一件事，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。如，

●To die for the people is a worthy death.

●Looking after the children is my full time job.

●When and where to hold the meeting is unknown.

●Playing basketball and swimming are his favorite sports.打籃球和游泳是他最愛(ài)的運(yùn)動(dòng)。

●Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.早睡早起好習(xí)慣。

②單個(gè)從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。由what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，根據(jù)整個(gè)謂語(yǔ)部分的意思確定謂語(yǔ)首詞的數(shù)，因?yàn)?，無(wú)法從what從句本身看出來(lái)單/復(fù)數(shù)what本身表示單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)意義都可以。

●Which of them was right was quite clear to us.

●When men first made use of electricity is not exactly known.

●What we need is more time.（根據(jù)表語(yǔ)time，謂語(yǔ)首詞用單數(shù)）

●What we need are doctors. （根據(jù)表語(yǔ)doctors，謂語(yǔ)首詞用復(fù)數(shù)）

●What he says and does do not agree.他的言行不一致。（單數(shù)）

●What he says and does does not concern me.他的言行與我無(wú)關(guān)。（復(fù)數(shù)）

※鏈接：其它章節(jié)中講到的主謂一致。1.總稱名詞和專有名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致，參看第三章第三節(jié)冠詞在總稱名詞/專有名詞前的用法。2.不定代詞(+of)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致，參看第四章第四節(jié)不定代詞的用法總表。3.“the+形容詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致，參看第八章第二節(jié)“the+形容詞”的用法。4.定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致，參看第十一章第五節(jié).what/which/that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。

三. 并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致，采用意義一致原則或就近一致原則

并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)，有些情況（如1）采用意義一致原則，有些情況（如2/3/4）采用就近一致原則（謂語(yǔ)的數(shù)與位置最近的主語(yǔ)的數(shù)保持一致）。

1.“and連接的兩個(gè)詞”作并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般采用意義一致原則。

①如果and連接的兩詞表示兩個(gè)事物，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。

●Jim and I are close friends.吉姆和我是好朋友。

●Steam and ice are different forms of water.蒸汽和冰是水的不同形式。

②如果and連接的兩詞構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。常見(jiàn)的這種組合有：a knife and fork一副刀叉，a watch and chain一只帶表帶的手表；fish and chips魚和薯片，bread and butter黃油面包；trust and honest誠(chéng)實(shí)，law and order法律和秩序，治安。如，

●Fish and chips is one of the most common English dishes.

對(duì)比：第①種情況中的of后的名詞有冠詞，第②種情況中的of后的名詞沒(méi)有冠詞。

The writer and the professor have arrived.那個(gè)作家和那個(gè)教授已經(jīng)到了。（兩個(gè)人）

The writer and professor has arrived.既是作家又是教授的那個(gè)人到了。（一個(gè)人）

③one and a half：主復(fù)謂單（?？迹?。如，

●One and a half apples is left on the table.

④若and連接的兩個(gè)詞被each/every/no修飾，則謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。如，

●Every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.

（助記：此時(shí)Every boy and every girl=Every boy and girl=Everybody）

2.由and連接的詞作并列主語(yǔ)，在here/there引起的倒裝句中，采用就近一致原則。如，

●There is a knife and some apples.

●There are some apples and a knife.

●Where are your classmates and teacher?

3.由or等連接的詞作并列主語(yǔ)，采用就近一致原則。這些詞或短語(yǔ)有：or，either/whether…or，neither…nor，not only…but also，not…but。注意，在陳述句中，主語(yǔ)B與謂語(yǔ)就近一致；在疑問(wèn)句中，主語(yǔ)A與謂語(yǔ)就近一致。如，

●Either you or he has lunch at school.（前四句是陳述句）

●Either he or you have lunch at school.

●Either you or he doesn’t have lunch at school.

●Either he or you don’t have lunch at school.

●Do either you or he have lunch at school.（疑問(wèn)句。注意此句中的謂語(yǔ)首詞是do）

4. more than one或many a…作主語(yǔ)，采用就近一致原則。如，

●More than one student (主語(yǔ)) has seen the film.

（但是，More students (主語(yǔ)) than one have seen the film.）

●Many a student fails to pass the examination.許多學(xué)生考試不及格。

分組對(duì)比練習(xí)

題組（排除干擾，找到主語(yǔ)）

1—6題，排除定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)的干擾，找到主語(yǔ)。7—8題，找到倒裝句的主語(yǔ)。

1. Generally, students’ inner motivation with high expectations from others ____essential to their development. (2013,江蘇) A．is B．a(chǎn)re C．was D．were

句意：一般來(lái)說(shuō)，學(xué)生們的內(nèi)在動(dòng)力以及來(lái)自他人的高度期望對(duì)他們的發(fā)展是重要的。分析：①主語(yǔ)是students’ inner motivation，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。②一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。選A。 2. Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, _____visit Beijing this summer. (2009,陜西)

A. is going to B. are going to C. was going to D. were going to

分析：①主語(yǔ)是Dr. Smith，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。②一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。選A。

3. The father as well as his three children ____ skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter.（2006,遼寧） A. is going B. go C. goes D. are going

分析：①主語(yǔ)是the father，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。②一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。選C。

4. Films，____the one you told me about yesterday or the one that will be on，____ not worth seeing.（1986,全國(guó)） A.including; is B.as well as; are C.besides; is D.such as; are

分析：主語(yǔ)是films，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。選D。

5. Such poets as Shakespearewidely read, of whose works, however, somedifficult to understand. (2010,四川) A. are；are B. is；is C. are；is D. is：are

分析：①主語(yǔ)是Such poets (as Shakespeare)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。②主語(yǔ)是some (poets)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。選A。

6. All the employees except the manager ____ to work online at home.(2004,廣東)

A．encourages B．encourage C．is encouraged D．a(chǎn)re encouraged

句意：所有的雇工除了經(jīng)理之外都被鼓勵(lì)在家上網(wǎng)工作。分析：①主語(yǔ)是All the employees，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。②一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。選D。

7. On the wall ___ two large portraits.（全國(guó)高考題）

A. hangs B. hang C. hanged D. hanging

分析：主語(yǔ)是portraits，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。選B。

8. Among the crises that face humans ___ the lack of natural resources.(2013,上海)

A．is B．a(chǎn)re C．is there D．a(chǎn)re there 選A。

分析：主語(yǔ)是the lack (of natural resources)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。

題組（單個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致）

1. Every possible means ____ to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear.（2000,上海春）

A. is used B. are used C. has been used D. have been used

分析：①主語(yǔ)為every possible means，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。若主語(yǔ)為all possible means，則謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。②后句提示用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。選C。

2. Mathematics ____ the language of science.(全國(guó)高考題)

A. is B. are going C. are D. am 分析：?jiǎn)螖?shù)。選A。

3. The population of Jiangsu ____ to more than twice what it was in 1949. The figure is now approaching 74 million.（2009,江蘇） A. has grown B. have grown C. grew D. are growing 選A。

4. The population of the city ____two million. Two thirds of the population ____ workers.(be)

分析：前者填is（總體）,后者填are（成員）。

5. A survey of the opinions of experts ____ that three hours of outdoor exercise a week ____good for one's health.（2007,江西） A. show; are B. shows; is C. show; is D. shows; are

分析：①第一空，主語(yǔ)是a survey，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。②第二空，主語(yǔ)是three hours of outdoor exercise a week（每周三小時(shí)的戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)），是一種習(xí)慣，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。選B。

6. Listening to loud music at rock concerts caused hearing loss in some teenagers. (2010,湖南).

A. is B. are C. has D. have

分析：①非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。②現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。選C。

7. When and where to go for the holiday ____ yet.(2003,上海春) A. are not decided B. have not been decided C. is not being decided D. has not been decided 選D。

8. All we need ____ a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year. （2014,湖南）A．a(chǎn)re B．was C．is D．were

句意：我們所需要的就是一小塊土地，在整個(gè)一年的生長(zhǎng)季節(jié)，我們能夠栽種各種不同的果樹。

解析：All we need is a small piece of land. 選C。

題組（并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致）

1—2題，采用意義一致原則。3—4題，采用就近一致原則。5題，兩個(gè)原則都用到了。

1. A poet and artist____ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and paintings tomorrow afternoon. (2006,江蘇) A. is B. are C. was D. were

句意：這位詩(shī)人兼藝術(shù)家明天下午將來(lái)到我們學(xué)校做關(guān)于中國(guó)文學(xué)和繪畫的演講。分析：主語(yǔ)是a poet and artist（一個(gè)既是詩(shī)人又是藝術(shù)家的人），謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。選A。

2. — Did you go to the show last night?— Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area ____ invited.(2008,陜西)

A. were B. have been C. has been D. was

分析：every boy and girl=everybody，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。選D。

3. Either you or one of your students ____ to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow. (2009,湖南)

A. are B. is C. have D. be

分析：①主語(yǔ)是either…or…，采用就近一致原則。②主語(yǔ)是one of your students時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。選B。

4. It is reported that many a new house ____ at present in the disaster area.（2010,陜西）

A. are being built B. were being built C. was being built D. is being built

句意：據(jù)報(bào)道，目前在這個(gè)受災(zāi)地區(qū)正在建很多新房子。分析：①many a…作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。②現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。選D。

5. Not only I but Jane and Mary ____ tired of having one examination after another. (1989,全國(guó)).

A. is B. are C. am D. be

句意：不光是我，就連簡(jiǎn)和瑪麗也煩了沒(méi)完沒(méi)了的考試。分析：主語(yǔ)是Not only I but Jane and Mary，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。（對(duì)比：主語(yǔ)Not only Jane and Mary but also I→謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞am。）。這個(gè)題，先用了就近一致原則，后用了意義一致原則。選B。

本文作者：高偉，編著《魔方英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》（高中版和教研版）。

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