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情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must的用法

 新概念英語(yǔ)教學(xué) 2020-11-17

一、《新概念英語(yǔ)》中的must

在《新概念英語(yǔ)》經(jīng)典版中,must出現(xiàn)的頻率較高,分別出現(xiàn)在第一冊(cè)第43-46課、第61-66課、第77-80課、第125-132課以及第二冊(cè)第17課、第41課、第65課、第89課。

must比較常見(jiàn)的用法是:表義務(wù)或要求等的“必須”;表猜測(cè)的“肯定,一定”。

二、表義務(wù)或要求等

這時(shí),must表示“必須”。如:

肯定句:He must have some water after the heavy work.

否定句:He needn't have any water after the heavy work.

一般疑問(wèn)句及其回答:Must he have any water after the heavy work? Yes, he must. / No, he needn't.

劃線部分提問(wèn):What must he do after the heavy work?(假如劃線部分為have some water的話(huà))

【注意】

(一)mustn't與needn't

很多學(xué)生一說(shuō)到must的否定,首先想到的一般都是mustn't。所以,老師需要提醒學(xué)生注意:must表必須時(shí)的否定形式是needn't(不必),而不是mustn't(禁止,不能)。

(二)must與have to

雖然have to(不得不,必須)經(jīng)常被歸到情態(tài)動(dòng)詞里,但其實(shí)have to并不是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,這里的have其實(shí)是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,從句子功能來(lái)講,就跟work或play等動(dòng)詞的基本用法是一樣的。它與must的區(qū)別主要有:

1、must沒(méi)有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化,而have to有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化。如:

  • must:She must go home right away. 

  • have to:She has to go home right away.

再比如:

  • must:She must attend the meeting yesterday.

  • have to:She had to attend the meeting yesterday.

2、因?yàn)閙ust沒(méi)有時(shí)態(tài)的變化,而have to有,所以在句型轉(zhuǎn)換中,要注意兩者的區(qū)別。如:

1)must

  • 肯定句:She must attend the meeting yesterday.

  • 否定句:She needn't attend the meeting yesterday.

  • 一般疑問(wèn)句及其回答:Must she attend the meeting yesterday? Yes, she must. / No, she needn't.

  • 劃線部分提問(wèn):What must she do yesterday? (假如劃線部分為attend the meeting的話(huà))

2)have to

  • 肯定句:She had to attend the meeting yesterday.

  • 否定句:She didn't have to attend the meeting yesterday.

  • 一般疑問(wèn)句及其回答:Did she have to attend the meeting yesterday? Yes, she did. / No, she didn't.

  • 劃線部分提問(wèn):What did she have to do yesterday? (假如劃線部分為attend the meeting的話(huà))

3、must多表示主觀需要或責(zé)任感的驅(qū)使,認(rèn)為有必要或有義務(wù)去做某事,一般譯為“必須”,而have to多表示客觀存在的環(huán)境所限,即客觀要求而無(wú)奈為之,一般譯為“不得不做某事”。如:

  • 主觀認(rèn)為、無(wú)人強(qiáng)迫:I must clean the kitchen because it is too dirty. (因?yàn)樘K了,我必須要打掃房間。)

  • 客觀所逼、不得不做:I have to do my homework now.(我現(xiàn)在不得不做作業(yè)。)

4、盡管have to與must存在以上區(qū)別,在must的否定句以及一般疑問(wèn)句的否定回答中,也經(jīng)??梢杂胔ave to來(lái)替換needn't。如:

  • 肯定句:She must attend the meeting yesterday.

  • 否定句:She needn't/doesn't have to attend the meeting yesterday.

  • 一般疑問(wèn)句及其回答:Must she attend the meeting yesterday? Yes, she must. / No, she needn't/doesn't have to.


三、表猜測(cè)

我們?cè)凇?/span>情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can的考點(diǎn)用法”一文中,已經(jīng)提到,can't表達(dá)的是否定猜測(cè),而must則表示肯定猜測(cè),意思是某人或某物一定或肯定會(huì)怎么樣。

與can't一樣,must主要用來(lái)表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在時(shí)間或是過(guò)去時(shí)間發(fā)生的事情的肯定猜測(cè)。

(一)對(duì)現(xiàn)在時(shí)間的猜測(cè)

此時(shí),must可以用來(lái)表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。如果是狀態(tài),must后面直接跟表狀態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞即可;如果是動(dòng)作,must后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則要采用be doing的形式。如:

  • 狀態(tài):He must be over 40 years old. (他肯定有四十多歲了。)

  • 動(dòng)作:He must be reading in the library now. (他現(xiàn)在肯定正在圖書(shū)館看書(shū)。)

(二)對(duì)過(guò)去時(shí)間的猜測(cè)

此時(shí),must后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果是狀態(tài),則采用“must have+表狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”;如果是動(dòng)作,則采用“must have done”的形式;如果是過(guò)去進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,則采用“must have been doing”的形式。如:

  • 狀態(tài):He must have been in the bathroom when I called him last night.

  • 動(dòng)作:He must have finished his homework before dinner yesterday.

  • 過(guò)去進(jìn)行:He must have been listening to loud music, for he didn't answer my call.

四、特殊用法

(一)表偏偏

此時(shí),must表達(dá)的是說(shuō)話(huà)者不耐煩的語(yǔ)氣或是與說(shuō)話(huà)者愿望相反的情況。如:

  • Why must you come in at this moment? (你為什么偏偏在這個(gè)時(shí)候進(jìn)來(lái)?)

(二)用作名詞

must也可以直接用作普通名詞,表示“必須做的事,必需的東西”。如:

  • A raincoat is a must in the rainy season. (在雨季雨衣是必備之物。)

  • His new novel is a must for all lovers of crime fiction. (他的新小說(shuō)是罪案小說(shuō)愛(ài)好者必須一讀的。)


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