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M7 A famous story

1. a girl called Alice.

  此處called為過(guò)去分詞，修飾girl，放在名詞之后。相當(dāng)于named.

2.fall down 跌倒，掉下    fall behind 跟不上，落在……后面   fall into 落入……中

fall off 從……上掉下來(lái)   fall back 退回fall asleep 入睡         fall ill  生病

  Eg：She fell down and hurt her leg yesterday.

       Leaves fall off the trees in fall.

      They felt tired and fell asleep quickly.

3. It was sitting in a tree and smiling at everyone.

l in a tree   (外來(lái)物或人)在樹上

on a tree   (樹上本身有的東西：apple等)在樹上

   Eg：There is a bird in the tree.

        There are a lot of apples on the tree.

l smile at sb  對(duì)sb微笑

Eg：Lucy is very kind and always smiles at others.

4.“到達(dá)”的表達(dá)：

   arrive   in+大地點(diǎn)          get to +地點(diǎn)       reach +地點(diǎn)

at+小地點(diǎn)     (get home\there\here)

5. have a tea party  舉辦茶會(huì)

6. To see if you remember the story.

l To see 為不定式，在此處作目的狀語(yǔ)，表示“為了看看”

l If引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，表示“是否”，不充當(dāng)任何成分，與whether可以互換

7. have nothing to do 沒什么事可做    nothing\something to eat\drink

  nothing 作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)

8. once or twice=from time to time  偶爾

  Eg：Once or twice he goes to school on foot.

  once 一次   twice 兩次   三次及以上：數(shù)詞+times   three times  six times

9. what……for?=why……?  為什么? ；……有什么用?

  Eg：(1) ---What are you sitting on the eggs for?         ---I’m sitting on them to hatch the chicks.

      (2) ---Why are you late again?         ---Because there is an accident on the road.

10. nothing strange 沒什么奇怪的事

形容詞strange作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾不定代詞nothing。在英語(yǔ)中，當(dāng)形容修飾不定代詞something\anything\nothing\everything等時(shí)，形容詞必須放在不定代詞后面，作后置定語(yǔ)。

   Eg：I have something important to do.       There is something strange appeared in the sky.

11. hear sb do sth    聽到sb 做sth(此處是省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，類似的有make\let\have\help sb do sth 等)

   hear sb doing sth    聽到sb 正在做sth

Eg：I heard her play the piano in the next room just now.     I hear someone singing in the room.

12.take sth out of sp   把sth從sp掏出    rush\jump out of sp  從sp沖\跳出去

13.    across 表示動(dòng)作是在物體的表面進(jìn)行，如過(guò)河，過(guò)橋，過(guò)馬路。

through 表示動(dòng)作是在物體的內(nèi)部空間進(jìn)行，如穿過(guò)森林、門、隧道，光線射入等

   Eg：Be careful to look both ways before you go across the road.     The driver must slow down when they drive through the tunnel.

14. too……to…… 太……而不能……    Eg：He is too young to carry the heavy bag.

拓展：(1) too……to……可以和so……that……互換

     Eg：She is too young to go to school.        =She is so young that she can’t go to school.

      (2) too……to……可以和not……enough to……互換(not后的形容詞與too后的形容詞是相反的)

     Eg：She is too young to go to school.        =She is not old enough to go to school.

 15. land on 落到……上；著陸  Eg：The plane will land on the island in five minutes.

 16. 賓語(yǔ)從句：

   (1) 定義：在主從復(fù)合句中，充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)成分的從句就叫做賓語(yǔ)從句。

   (2) 位置：常在及物動(dòng)詞或介詞之后。

   (3) 引導(dǎo)詞：

l that 無(wú)意義，不充當(dāng)任何成分，?？梢允÷裕?/span>

l if\whether表示“是否”，不充當(dāng)任何成分，兩者可以互換，但有or not時(shí)只能用whether；

l who\what\where\when\why等表示“誰(shuí)”、“什么”、“哪里”、“何時(shí)”、“為什么”，分別可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和原因狀語(yǔ)，不可以省略。

   (4) 語(yǔ)序：陳述句語(yǔ)序，即 “主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)”

   (5) 時(shí)態(tài)：

l 當(dāng)主句為現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句可以使用任何時(shí)態(tài)；

l 當(dāng)主句為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句可以使用過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)(一般過(guò)去時(shí)，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)等)；

l 當(dāng)主句為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句表示一種客觀真理、事實(shí)時(shí)，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

Eg：I know (that) you met him yesterday.

    He asked if I would come.

    I don’t understand what you say.

    He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon.

    The teacher said that light travels faster than sound.

M8 Accidents

1. on the phone   通過(guò)電話通話(on 表示“通過(guò)”)
2. look pale   看起來(lái)很蒼白

此處look作為半系動(dòng)詞，后跟adj. 常見的半系動(dòng)詞有taste\smell\sound\feel.
  Eg：The music sounds good.      The food tastes delicious.      The sofa feels comfortable.
3.  listen 聽(強(qiáng)調(diào)聽的過(guò)程，后接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)需加to,即 listen to……)
        hear  聽到(強(qiáng)調(diào)聽到的結(jié)果，后接do或doing)

   Eg：We should listen to the teachers carefully.        I hear someone singing in the next room. (我聽到有人正在隔壁房間唱歌)
        I hear someone sing in the next room. (我聽到有人在隔壁房間唱歌)

4.appear(v.) 出現(xiàn) → appearance(n.)     disappear(v.) 消失  Eg：He suddenly disappeared in front of us.

5. hit 撞擊；打  Eg：The bus hits the bridge.       He hits me on the head.   此外，hit 還可以作名詞，表示“轟動(dòng)一時(shí)的成功”
  Eg：His song made a hit.

6. be glad to do sth  很高興去做sth   Eg：I am glad to see you again.
7.   in time   及時(shí)          on time  準(zhǔn)時(shí)，按時(shí)   Eg：I hope you can come back in time.       Please hand in your homework on time.
8. fall off=fall down from  從…摔下來(lái)你    fall asleep 入睡   fall into 掉入 fall in love with sb  愛上某人   fall behind  落在…后面

9. the risk of  ……的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)     side by side  肩并肩      pay attention to 注意……(to 是一個(gè)介詞，后接名詞或doing
  Eg：We should pay more attention to developing economy.

10.  sometimes 有時(shí)           some times  幾次；幾倍     sometime  (將來(lái)或過(guò)去)某個(gè)時(shí)候      some time  一段時(shí)間
   Eg：He sometimes sends me an e-mail.        Remember it some times, or you will forget it.      

Let’s have a party sometime next week.        I will stay with you for some time.
11. try to do sth 試圖去做某事   try one’s best to do sth 盡某人全力去做某事   have a try  試一試
   Eg：The little boy tries to go across the road by himself.       We should try our best to save the animals in danger.    Do you have a try?  12.  pick up  撿起，拾起(代詞只能放中間，名詞放在中間或后面均可) pick sb up   (開車)接某人      pick sth up  學(xué)會(huì)某事

Eg：After school, his father drives his car to pick him up everyday.     Mike picked up a few words of Chinese last summer.
13. call sb     call up=ring up  打電話給sb      call on 拜訪sb   Eg：Call me up tomorrow.        I called on my grandparents yesterday.
14. take photos   照相
15. hide—hid—hidden 隱藏             hide up  包庇(壞人)   hide sth from sb  瞞著某人某事       hide out 躲藏
Eg：---Why did the policeman catch the man just now?    ---He hid up the murderer.    She hid her brother’s death from her parents.
16. throw—threw—thrown 扔；拋       throw away  拋棄   throw about  到處亂扔              throw at 向……扔去
   Eg：Don’t throw about the waste paper.        The naughty boy throws at the dog a stone.
17. As he was lying there in great pain,Henry suddenly remember the photo.

lie 此處為不及物動(dòng)詞，意為“躺”。其過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞分別為lay，lain；現(xiàn)在分詞為lying。            He was lying on the bed.
lie 的其他用法：①不及物動(dòng)詞，意為“說(shuō)謊”。過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞均為lied；現(xiàn)在分詞為lying。lie to sb  向sb撒謊  

Eg：Don’t lie to me.
②不及物動(dòng)詞，意為“位于”。此時(shí)其過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞分別為lay，lain；現(xiàn)在分詞為lying。
Shandong lies in the east of China. 山東位于中國(guó)東部。
18. hurry up     hurry to do sth      in a hurry
19. as 當(dāng)……時(shí)=when\while        as……as 與……一樣      not as\so……as  與……不一樣       

as……as possible盡可能=as……as sb can\could        as soon as  一……就
Eg：He is as tall as me.
    We should study as hard as possible.    I will call you as soon as I get home.

20.   send sth to sb=send sb sth            show sth to stb=show sb sth
21. use A to do B   用A去做B  → A be used to do B    A被用來(lái)做B
   get\be used to doing 習(xí)慣于做sth       used to do sth 過(guò)去常常做sth
Eg：We can use the bamboo to make a basket.    He is\gets used to getting up early.    He used to get up early.
22.  on one’s way to 在sb去……路上       get in the way   妨礙in this way 用這種方法   

by the way 順便問(wèn)下   in a way 在某種程度    take off (飛機(jī))起飛；脫下(衣服)
make a decision to do sth=decide to do sth 決定做某事
語(yǔ)法全解：
when和while 都表示主從句的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生，但二者意義不盡相同。
1.  when引導(dǎo)的從句可表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)，也可表示時(shí)間段，從句的位于動(dòng)詞既可以是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，也可以是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞；while引導(dǎo)的從句通常表示時(shí)間段，從句中宜用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)。
They arrived while we were watching TV.
2.  含有when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的主從復(fù)合句，如果主句用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，從句應(yīng)該用一般過(guò)去式，表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行的時(shí)候另一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生，強(qiáng)調(diào)后一動(dòng)作發(fā)生的突然性。
We were watching TV when suddenly the lights went off.
3.  當(dāng)主從句的動(dòng)作都是延續(xù)的或同時(shí)發(fā)生，主從句都用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)候，從句多用while引導(dǎo)。
They were reading while we were writing .
4.         如果表示從句的動(dòng)作在主句的動(dòng)作“之前”或“之后”發(fā)生時(shí)，多用when，不用while。
此外，when還含有“at the moment “的意思，此時(shí)引導(dǎo)的句子不能放在句首，也不能用while來(lái)替換
主謂一致判斷法
主謂一致是指在一個(gè)英語(yǔ)句子中，主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上要保持一致，這種一致性體現(xiàn)在聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞be和助動(dòng)詞do, have的人稱和數(shù)上，以及實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的第三人稱單數(shù)上
1.     不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式
2.     動(dòng)名詞或動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式
3.     Either…or… : neither…nor…: not only…but also…: 連接兩個(gè)名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與鄰近的名詞或代詞在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。
4.     在here : there 開頭的倒裝句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與后面的珠玉在數(shù)上保持一致。
                                  M9 Population
1. The population of China is about 1.37billion.
 Thepopulation of sp is……. 表示sp有多少人。
 此外用sp has a population of……也可以表示sp有多少人。
形容人口（population）的多少用big/ large 或 small 當(dāng)population 作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)
●詢問(wèn)某地有多少人口有兩種表達(dá)方法：
1．What’s the population of …
2. How large is the population of …
注意：詢問(wèn)某地有多少人口時(shí)不用how many 和 how much
 hundred\thousand\million\billion等前有數(shù)字，用單數(shù)形式   three hundred

hundred\thousand\million\billion等后有of，用復(fù)數(shù)形式  thousands of
2.  noise (n.) 噪音     noisy(adj.)  吵鬧的     make noise  發(fā)出噪音   voice   指嗓音(人說(shuō)話或唱歌)  sound  指一切聲音
3. prepare 準(zhǔn)備    prepare for 為……做準(zhǔn)備    prepare to do sth 準(zhǔn)備去做某事.
  Eg：They are preparing for the New Year.       We prepare to go fishing next weekend.
4. report 報(bào)告；報(bào)道       make a report 做報(bào)告    reporter  記者，通訊員  notes 名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式 “筆記 隨筆” make notes 記筆記
5.  such as \for example  例如，比如too much+不可數(shù)名詞    much too+adj.    太……too many+可數(shù)名詞
   Eg： I like fruit, such as apples, bananas.        I have too much homework to do today.
        That dress is much too long for me.        There are too many people in the shop on Sunday. 
6. increase   by+倍數(shù)\百分?jǐn)?shù)          增加了……           to+具體增長(zhǎng)后的數(shù)字     增加到……
   Eg：The number of teachers increased by twice.       The population of the town increased to 50000.

7. be born  in+年份\地點(diǎn)      I was born in 1985.   of+家庭           He was born of a rich family.
8. one fifth  五分之一  分?jǐn)?shù)的表達(dá)：分子在前，用基數(shù)詞；分母在后，用序數(shù)詞。當(dāng)分子大于1時(shí)，分母需要用復(fù)數(shù) 如：two thirds
9. hang on a minute.  稍等
 10.   quiet (adj.)  安靜的；寧?kù)o的     quietly(adv.)  安靜地 quite ( adv.)相當(dāng)，十分
   Eg：Please keep quiet, my father is sleeping now.       She is quite beautiful in that red coat.
11. close to=next to   靠近，挨著   Eg：His house is close to a supermarket.
12. move to  移到   Eg：More and more people move to the big cities these years.
13. It be +adj. to do sth    one of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)    ……之一(謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù))
14. local 當(dāng)?shù)氐?/span>       close down   關(guān)閉  

Eg：The local government should do something to solve the water pollution.       This shop closed down last year.
15.  It takes sb st to do sth       sb spend(s) st\sm  on sth   (in) doing sth       sth cost(s) sb sm      sb pay sth for sm
16. public services  公共服務(wù)       a public telephone   公用電話   in public  在公共場(chǎng)合          the public  公眾
17. in fact  事實(shí)上         all over the world  全世界
18. face danger 面對(duì)危險(xiǎn)     face to face 面對(duì)面地     make a face  做鬼臉   as a result  結(jié)果是；因此
19. die from  由于……而死(死于外因，如事故等)die of    因……而死(死于內(nèi)因，如疾病等)
   Eg：He died from an accident.       A lot of people died of cancers
20. leave 離開(某地)  
① leave for+目的地  前往(目的地) 啟程去某地   I’ll leave for Shanghai next week.
② leave 還有“忘了帶，留下”之意     I left my book at home .
21. 辨析： job 與 work : job （cn） 指具體的職業(yè)或零工  work（un）指人們?nèi)粘Ｉ詈凸ぷ髦袕氖碌捏w力或腦力勞動(dòng)

【Grammer】:
冠詞： 是限定的一種詞，不能單獨(dú)使用，常用于修飾名詞。冠詞有三種形式：不定冠詞（a/an）, 定冠詞（the）和零冠詞（/）。
● 1.不定冠詞的用法
不定冠詞用來(lái)修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，指人或物種的某一個(gè)或某一類，但不具體說(shuō)明是何人何物。
不定冠詞的常見用法有：
①表示“一個(gè)”的概念。    Population is a big problem for cities .
②表示“每一“的概念，相當(dāng)于every 。       I watch TV once a week .
③首次提到的某人或某物，不定冠詞起介紹作用。 A student wants to ask you some questions
④某些固定短語(yǔ)中，要用不定冠詞。 have a good time    have a look    have a rest
●2.定冠詞的用法
①指前文中提到過(guò)的人或物。 I have a dog . The dog is black . ②特指某人或某物。 The girl with long hair is my younger sister .
③指說(shuō)話雙方都知道的人或物 I had to write the same report last term . ④用于專有名詞前。 the Great Wall    the Pacific Ocean
⑤用于世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物前。 the sun    the moon  ⑥用于姓氏復(fù)數(shù)形式之前，表示“一家人”或“夫婦二人”。 the Smiths
⑦用于形容詞最高級(jí)前。 the biggest city    ⑧用于序數(shù)詞前。the first boy
⑨用于西洋樂(lè)器名詞前。  play the piano    ⑩某些形容詞前加定冠詞 the ，表示一類人或物 。the young   the old
⑾用于某些固定短語(yǔ)中 :  in the morning      the day after tomorrow
●3.零冠詞的用法
①在球類活動(dòng)，學(xué)科名詞前以及節(jié)日，月份，星期前不用冠詞。 Tom can play volleyball .
②名詞前已有指示代詞，物主代詞，不定代詞或數(shù)詞等作定語(yǔ)時(shí)名詞前不用冠詞There are many books in her schoolbag.
③在某些固定短語(yǔ)或習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中不用冠詞 by bus        have breakfast          at home          at night
『注意』:在某些短語(yǔ)中，名詞前用冠詞和不用冠詞的意義有所不同。

in hospital     in the hospital     at table    at the table     in class     in the class

數(shù)字 : 分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞。本模塊中，我們重點(diǎn)學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)字的讀法。在英語(yǔ)中，每三位數(shù)字為一個(gè)單位，按照百，十，個(gè)位向下讀。而進(jìn)位的讀法則為thousand, million , billion向上遞增。
數(shù)次的常見用法：
①分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá)法:在英語(yǔ)中，分子用基數(shù)詞，分母用序數(shù)詞。當(dāng)分子是1時(shí)，分母用原形；當(dāng)分子大于1時(shí)，分母用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
1/3  ： one thirds      2/3  : two thirds
②百分?jǐn)?shù)的表達(dá): 百分?jǐn)?shù)用percent 表示，符號(hào)為%   如： 5% 讀作 five present .

編輯整理：王補(bǔ)平