現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

    定義?

     ，1 強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作是過(guò)去發(fā)生的

     ，2 強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果：此用法容易和一般過(guò)去時(shí)混淆。兩者的區(qū)別是?一般過(guò)去時(shí)有動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間點(diǎn)：即過(guò)去某一時(shí)間發(fā)生某一動(dòng)作?現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則沒(méi)有：即不強(qiáng)調(diào)是那個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作：而強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果。

     ，3 在過(guò)去不確定的時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作：但是結(jié)果對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,也可表示過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。學(xué)習(xí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),先從結(jié)構(gòu)和句式

    : 開(kāi)始

    構(gòu)成:

    主語(yǔ) + have/has + 過(guò)去分詞 + 其他。(當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)用has,其

    余人稱用have。過(guò)去分詞:規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成與動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式相同;不

    規(guī)則動(dòng)詞需要特殊記憶。)

    否定式:主語(yǔ) + haven't/hasn't + 過(guò)去分詞 + 其他。

    疑問(wèn)式: Have /Has + 主語(yǔ) + 過(guò)去分詞 + 其他

    特殊疑問(wèn)句?特殊疑問(wèn)詞或詞組+一般疑問(wèn)句，have/has+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分

    詞+其他?

    簡(jiǎn)略答語(yǔ): Yes, 主語(yǔ) + have/has.(肯定)

     No, 主語(yǔ) + haven't/hasn't.(否定)

     標(biāo)志詞?

     * 以already, just和yet為標(biāo)志

     already, just和yet 表示到現(xiàn)在為止動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)已經(jīng)、剛剛或還沒(méi)有發(fā)生。

     * 以ever和never為標(biāo)志

     ever和never 表示到現(xiàn)在為止動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)曾經(jīng)或從來(lái)沒(méi)有發(fā)生過(guò)。

     * 以動(dòng)作發(fā)生的次數(shù)為標(biāo)志

     若某一動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)發(fā)生了若干次,則要使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

     * 以so far為標(biāo)志

     so far往往表示到目前為止動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)已經(jīng)發(fā)生。

    第三部分

     過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在, 甚至有可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去,我們可以從動(dòng)作“延續(xù)”的特性和“時(shí)間”點(diǎn)段的區(qū)分入手,進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

     英語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞從詞義上可以分為延續(xù)性和非延續(xù)性兩種,在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中一定要注意動(dòng)詞這一特性,應(yīng)將這類非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。

     * 時(shí)間“點(diǎn)”、“段”須分清

     過(guò)去開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作可以延續(xù)到某一點(diǎn)結(jié)束,也可能繼續(xù)延續(xù),這時(shí)就要根據(jù)時(shí)間

“點(diǎn)”、“段”選擇相應(yīng)的介詞for或since。

    第四部分

     一、動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞形式?通常一個(gè)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞和他的過(guò)去式是一樣的：在動(dòng)詞后面加ed構(gòu)成過(guò)去分詞：但是有一些動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞有不規(guī)則的形式。

     二、當(dāng)have被用在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中時(shí)：它可以和前面的代名詞一起組成縮寫(xiě)形式。

     三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用not來(lái)表達(dá)否定形式。當(dāng)有not出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候：have可以和not組成縮寫(xiě)：但是此時(shí)不能和前面的代名詞組成縮寫(xiě)。

    ，1現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示現(xiàn)在之前已發(fā)生過(guò)或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),但其結(jié)果卻和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系,也就是說(shuō),動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過(guò)去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在：也就是說(shuō)：動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去：而對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果.

     I have spent all of my money.(現(xiàn)在我沒(méi)有錢(qián)花了.)

     Jane has laid the table.(現(xiàn)在桌子已經(jīng)擺好了.)

    ，2現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以用來(lái)表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻的,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作，用行為動(dòng)詞表示?或狀態(tài)，be動(dòng)詞表示?常與for，+時(shí)間段?,since，+時(shí)間點(diǎn)或過(guò)去時(shí)的句子?連用.

     for+時(shí)段 為…時(shí)間

     since+過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)，譯為?自從……以來(lái)?

     since+時(shí)段+ago

     since+從句，過(guò)去時(shí)?

     It is+時(shí)段+since+從句，過(guò)去時(shí)?

     Mary has been ill for three days.

    I have lived here since 1998. 注意;1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能單獨(dú)與準(zhǔn)確時(shí)間連用：(如表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

     如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等：

    除非與for,since連用.

     2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往同表示不確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用

     如already，肯定?, yet，否定：疑問(wèn)?, just, before, recently,still,

    lately,never等:

     He has already obtained a scholarship.

     I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).

     We have seen that film before.

     Have they found the missing child yet ?

     3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,

     如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion

    等:

     Have you ever been to Beijing

     I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.

     I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.

     George has met that gentleman on several occasions.

     4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還往往可以同包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,

     如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far等:

     Peter has written six papers so far.

     Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.

     There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.

     The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries

    have been enhanced in the past few years.

     Up to the present everything has been successful.

     5. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可以用來(lái)表示過(guò)去的一個(gè)時(shí)間到現(xiàn)在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)重

    復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作.

     We have had four texts this semester.

     6.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的'完成用法'

     現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的'完成用法'指的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻并已結(jié)束：

    但該動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響：與現(xiàn)在情況具有因果關(guān)系。

     例如?He has turned off the light.他已把燈關(guān)了。(動(dòng)作結(jié)束于過(guò)

    去：但說(shuō)明的是現(xiàn)在的情況--燈現(xiàn)在不亮了。)

     現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)'完成用法'的特點(diǎn)是動(dòng)作不延續(xù)：因此：該時(shí)態(tài)只能與表

    示不定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如?already：yet：before：recently等)、頻度

    時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如?never：ever：once等)、包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如?

    this morning ， month ，year...：today等)連用。

     例如? Have you found your pen yet你已找到你的鋼筆了嗎?

     7.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的'未完成用法'

     現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的'未完成用法'指的是動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻：一直延

    續(xù)到現(xiàn)在：或可能還要繼續(xù)下去。

     例如?He has lived here since 1978.自從1978年以來(lái)：他一直住

    在這兒。(動(dòng)作起始于1978年：一直住到現(xiàn)在：可能還要繼續(xù)住下去。)

     I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部隊(duì)已經(jīng)呆

    了五年多了。(動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于5年前：一直延續(xù)至今：有可能還要繼續(xù)下去。)

     此種用法的句中常需一個(gè)表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)(由since或for引導(dǎo))：

    或表示與現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻相連的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(如?up to now：so far)等。

     例如?I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前為止我沒(méi)

    有他的任何消息。

     注意?(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的未完成用法只適用于延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞：不可用于終止性動(dòng)詞：即瞬間完成或延續(xù)時(shí)間很短的動(dòng)詞。如?come：go：arrive：leave：join：become：die等。

     8.一段時(shí)間+has passed+since從句

     9. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常和短語(yǔ) 'up to now /till now', 'so far' (意思是從過(guò)去某一確定的時(shí)間一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在.)

     Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已讀過(guò)好多故事書(shū)。

     I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到紐約去過(guò)三次。

     10 has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的區(qū)別

     gone:去了沒(méi)回

     been to :去過(guò)

     been in呆了很久

    10.不能與when連用

    練習(xí)

    B.1.Mother ____me a new coat yesterday. I _______ it on. It fits me well. A. had made…h(huán)ave tried B. made…h(huán)ave tried

    C. has made…tried D. made…tried

    D.2 “He ____to draw horses already”. “When ______ he ?” “ Last year “ A. learned…h(huán)as B. learned…did C. has learned…h(huán)as D. has learned…did

A.3.Tom _____up into the tree. Look, he ____ high up there !

    A. has got…is B. has climbed…was C. got …was D. climbed…is

    C.4.____ you _____ the text yet ? Yes, we ____ it two hours ago. A. Did…copy…did B. Have…copied…h(huán)ave C. Have…copied…did D.

    Did …copy…h(huán)ad

    A.5. “Why ______ she _______ angry ?” “Because he _____ at her just now .” A. did…get…shouted B. has…got…shouted C. did…get…h(huán)as shouted D.

    has…got…h(huán)as shouted

    A.6. ______you __________ the film before ? Where _____ you ____ it ? A. Have …seen…did…see B. Did …see…did…watch

    C. Have…seen…h(huán)ave…seen D. Did …see…h(huán)ave…seen

D.7.You ____ me waiting for two hours. I ____ for you since five.

    A. kept…waited B. have kept…waited C. kept…h(huán)ave waited D. have kept…h(huán)ave

    waited

    B.8.Where ______ John _______ ? To the library. He _________ there for an hour. A. has…been…h(huán)as gone B. has…gone…h(huán)as been C. did…go…went D.

    did…be…went

D.9.______ the baby still _____ ? No, it _______ crying.

    A. Has…cried…h(huán)as stopped B. Is…crying…stopped C. Did …cry…stopped D.

    Is…crying…h(huán)as stopped

C.10. I _______ the way. I ________ here for quite many years.

    A. knew…h(huán)ave lived C. knew…live C. know…h(huán)ave lived D. know…live C.11. _____ you ever _____ America ? Yes, I have.

    A. Have…gone to B. Have…gone in C. Have…been to D. Have …been in

D.12. My brother ____college for over three years.

    A. has gone to B. has been to C. has been in D. has been at

    D.13.He ________ the Army by the end of 1989. He ______ in the army since then. A. joined…is B. has joined…h(huán)as been C. had joined…is D. had joined …h(huán)as been

B.14. By the time I _____ back they ____ up ten satellites.

    A. came…h(huán)ave sent B. came…h(huán)ad sent C. come…h(huán)ave sent D. had come…sent

    C.15. Jack ____ over five lessons by seven o’clock. Then he ____ a rest. A. went…took B. went…h(huán)ad taken C. had gone…took D. had gone…h(huán)ad taken

A.16. We ____ out by that time that he ____ a spy for a long time.

    A. had found…h(huán)ad been B. had found…was C. found…h(huán)ad been D. found…was

B.17. Before the news ____ him, he ____ to know about it.

    A. reaches…h(huán)as got B. reached…h(huán)ad got C. reached…got D. had reached…got

C.18. I _____ him a second letter before I ____ from him.

    A. wrote…h(huán)eard B. wrote…h(huán)ad heard C. had written…h(huán)eard D. have written…h(huán)ear

D.19. People ____ that the soldiers _____ fighting.