同學們,定語從句是高中階段的難點,大家要記住下面的語法規(guī)則,并且需要通過以后的練習來逐漸透徹掌握。學習中肯定會遇到一些困難,不好弄懂的知識點一定要結(jié)合例句細心多看幾遍。 1定語從句基本概念在復合句中,修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。 引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞。 被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。定語從句一般放在先行詞的后面。 2定語從句的關系詞引導定語從句的關系詞有關系代詞和關系副詞。 常見的關系代詞包括that, which, who(賓格whom,所有格whose),as 等。 關系副詞包括where, when, why等。關系代詞和關系副詞放在先行詞及定語從句之間起連接作用,同時又作定語從句的重要成分。 3定語從句的分類根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞的關系,定語從句可分為限制性定語從句及非限制性定語從句。 1.限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞,主句與從句不用逗號分開,從句不可省去。例如: Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing. 任何有責任感的人都不會做這樣的事。 2.非限制性定語從句主句與從句之間有逗號分開,起補充說明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。例如: The house,which we bought last month,is very nice. 這幢房子很漂亮,是我們上個月買的. 注意:非限定性定語從句中不能使用關系代詞 that。 4關系代詞的用法1.that that既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語,作賓語可省略。例如: Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle. 瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂。(that作主語) The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue. 我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍色的。(that作賓語) 2.which which 用于指物,在句中作主語、賓語或表語,作賓語可省略。例如: The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火車站附近的那座大樓是一家超市。(作主語) The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我們昨天晚上看的那部電影很好看。(作賓語) 3.who, whom who, whom 用于指人,who 用作主語和表語,whom用作賓語。在口語中,有時可用who代替whom,也可省略。例如: The girl who often helps me with my English is from England. 經(jīng)常在英語方面幫助我的那個女孩是英國人。(who 作主語) Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 正在與李明談話的老師是誰?(whom 作賓語) 4.as ①引導限定性定語從句時,指與先行詞相似的人或物,必須用于 such/so...as...或 the same...as...結(jié)構(gòu)中,例如: Such people as were mentioned by him were honest. 被他提到的這樣的人是誠實的。 Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem as none of us worked out. 上學期我們數(shù)學老師出了一道我們沒有一個人會的數(shù)學題。 This is the same bag as I lost yesterday. 這是和我昨天買的包一樣的包。 ②引導非限定性定語從句時,只能修飾句子,可置于被修飾句子后面、前面或主謂之間,翻譯成“正如...那樣”例如: The earth moves around the sun, as we all know. As we all know,The earth moves around the sun. The earth, as we all know, moves around the sun ③在非限制性定語從句中,which和as引導定語從句時的區(qū)別: a. which引導的從句不能放在主句前,而as引導的從句則既可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后,還可以放在主謂之間。 b.as和which都可以指代一個句子,但as有“正如”、“就像”之意,which則沒有此含義。 c.as 引導的非限定定語從句只能修飾句子,which 引導的非限定性定語從句可以修飾句子,也可以修飾名詞。 1.當定語從句中含有介詞,介詞放在句末時,who,whom, that,which可省略,但介詞在關系代詞前時,只能用“介詞+which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如: This is the house in which we lived last year. 這是我們?nèi)ツ昃幼〉姆孔印?/p> Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel. 請告訴我你從誰那借的這本英文小說。 2.含有介詞的固定動詞詞組中,介詞不可前置,只能放在原來的位置上。例如: This is the person whom you are looking for. 這就是你要找的那個人。 3.關系詞只能用that的情況: ①先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級所修飾,或本身是序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時,只能用that,而不用which.例如: He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一個通過考試的人。 當先行詞指人時,偶爾也可以用關系代詞who。 ②被修飾的先行詞為all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代詞時,只能用that,而不用which.例如: Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么東西要買嗎? 當先行詞指人時,偶爾也可以用關系代詞who。 ③先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等詞修飾時,只能用that,而不用which.例如: This is the same bike that I lost. 這就是我丟的那輛自行車。 注意: 當先行詞指人時,偶爾也可以用關系代詞who。例如: Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 王華是我們學校唯一將會出席這個會議的人。 ④先行詞里同時含有人或物時,只能用that.例如: I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room. 我能清楚記得我在那個房間所見到的人和一些照片。 ⑤以who或which引導的特殊疑問句,為避免重復,只能用that.例如: Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那個女孩是誰? ⑥主句是there be 結(jié)構(gòu),修飾主語的定語從句用that,而不用which.例如: There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本書是湯姆的。 4.關系詞只能用which,而不用that 的情況: ①先行詞為that, those時,用which, 而不用that.例如: What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些東西是什么? ②關系代詞前有介詞時,用which,而不用that.例如: This is the room in which he lives. 這是他居住的房間。 ③引導非限制性定語從句,用which, 而不用that.例如: Tom came back, which made us happy. 湯姆回來了,這使我們很高興。 5關系副詞的用法1.when指時間,其先行詞表示時間,在句中作時間狀語。例如: This was the time when he arrived. 這是他到達的時間。(when=at which) 2.where指地點,其先行詞表示地點,在句中作地點狀語。例如: This is the place where he works. 這是他工作的地點。(where=at /in which) 3.why 指原因,其先行詞是原因,起原因狀語作用。例如: Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 沒人知道他為什么上學總遲到。(why=for which) 【小試身手】 1.—Do you know the man ______is talking with your father? —Yes, he’s our headmaster. A. he B. who C. which D. whom 2. Is this the river _____I can swim? A. which B. in which C. that D. the one 3. This is the best hotel in the city _____I know. A. where B. which C. that D. it 4. Can you lend me the dictionary ______the other day? A. that you bought B. you bought it C. that you bought it D. which you bought it 5. Anyone ______with what I said may put up you hands. A. which agrees B. who agree C. who agrees D. which agree 6. My watch is not the only thing ______ is missing. A. that B. it C. which D.who 7. The man ______coat is black is waiting at the gate A. who’s B. whose C. that of which. D. whom 8. The girl ______ is reading under the tree _____my sister. A. which; is B. whom; was C. who; is D. who; was 9. I love places ______the people are really friendly. A. that B. which C. where D. who 10. The world ______ is made up of matter. A. in that we live B. on which we live C. where we live in D. we live in key: 1-5BBCAC 6-10 ABCCD |
|