“This project references the vibrant farming community of the 1940s and 50s. It is an intervention that is edible. There is a remediation for each
approach to town. This is an unromantic problem that is solved in a dignified way. The right of way is public space and this is the beginning of
rethinking how to use public space for public good.”
—2013 Professional Awards Jury

“該項(xiàng)目參考了20世紀(jì)40年代、50年代曾經(jīng)繁榮的農(nóng)業(yè)社區(qū)景象，是一次“可食用”的嵌入式景觀設(shè)計(jì)，是對(duì)傳統(tǒng)城市道路觀念的修正，也是用浪漫
處理平庸的成功實(shí)踐。此次改造的主體是公共空間，啟示我們重新思考如何以公共利益為出發(fā)點(diǎn)利用公共空間?！?/span>
—2013專(zhuān)業(yè)獎(jiǎng)評(píng)審委員會(huì)

Townscaping an Automobile-Oriented Fabric: Farmington, Arkansas By University of Arkansas Community Design Center, Fayetteville, AR

項(xiàng)目描述：
法明頓城市景觀規(guī)劃將郊區(qū)共有五條車(chē)道的商業(yè)大道改造成為可種植瓜果蔬菜的復(fù)合型林蔭大道，讓這個(gè)擁有5000人口曾經(jīng)繁榮的農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)煥發(fā)新的
活力。景觀規(guī)劃通過(guò)節(jié)點(diǎn)的連續(xù)性組織，在汽車(chē)當(dāng)?shù)赖某鞘斜尘爸袆?chuàng)造一個(gè)適于步行的環(huán)境，同時(shí)在不依賴(lài)資本密集型建筑投資的情況下提高都市
生活的品質(zhì)。此次規(guī)劃目標(biāo)是從以下三個(gè)方面構(gòu)造一個(gè)經(jīng)典的城市網(wǎng)絡(luò)：1.農(nóng)業(yè)城市化；2.環(huán)境敏感性的公路設(shè)計(jì)；3. 公共藝術(shù)規(guī)劃。

↑ 走廊重建成舒緩交通和種植食物的城市空間系列 The Corridor is Restructured as a Series of Urban Rooms that Calm Traffic and Bear Food
The planning area captures the town's commercial base located south of the highway, opposite public school facilities, a senior citizen community
center, city hall, and safety service facilities.
規(guī)劃區(qū)域占據(jù)了公路南端的城鎮(zhèn)商業(yè)基地，與學(xué)校、老年人社區(qū)中心、市政廳及安全服務(wù)設(shè)施相對(duì)。

法明頓曾經(jīng)是美國(guó)最大的蘋(píng)果種植區(qū)內(nèi)的農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)。據(jù)估計(jì)，20世紀(jì)初40%的蘋(píng)果和梨產(chǎn)自西北部的阿肯色州。該城市景觀規(guī)劃期望重塑當(dāng)?shù)氐霓r(nóng)業(yè)
景觀，重拾法明頓的農(nóng)業(yè)遺產(chǎn)。當(dāng)?shù)氐姆N植傳統(tǒng)為發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)提供了便利，同時(shí)也是發(fā)展當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)、創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)的利器。
在城市公共通行道上發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)景觀（“可食用的景觀”）網(wǎng)絡(luò)將重新喚起法明頓已經(jīng)丟失的農(nóng)業(yè)傳統(tǒng)，這樣不僅能保證食物供應(yīng)的持續(xù)性和安全性，
還能有效促進(jìn)健康生活方式的養(yǎng)成。整個(gè)景觀網(wǎng)包括果樹(shù)園、盆栽花園、葡萄園、墻樹(shù)園（“植物造景”）?；谀承┲参飪艋諝夂退吹淖饔?，
另外一些植物具備的營(yíng)養(yǎng)循環(huán)、維護(hù)土壤或綜合防治病害蟲(chóng)的功能，設(shè)計(jì)者們將城市景觀設(shè)計(jì)成一個(gè)復(fù)合式的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。
2. 提供一個(gè)環(huán)境敏感性的公路設(shè)計(jì)模型，提高SR62生態(tài)和城市服務(wù)的交付。美國(guó)聯(lián)邦公路管理局給出了如下定義：“環(huán)境敏感性解決方案（CSS）
是保證交通安全性和連通性的同時(shí)，把開(kāi)發(fā)一個(gè)交通建設(shè)項(xiàng)目相關(guān)的所有元素（如自然環(huán)境、景觀，美學(xué)，歷史，和環(huán)境資源等）都考慮周全的設(shè)
計(jì)方案。”該項(xiàng)目將高速公路改建成與沿路的學(xué)校、機(jī)構(gòu)部門(mén)和商業(yè)區(qū)和諧相融的林蔭大道。南部商業(yè)區(qū)邊緣的臨街系統(tǒng)建設(shè)方案將會(huì)帶來(lái)大量行人。
3. 通過(guò)引導(dǎo)標(biāo)志、建筑物正面、街道設(shè)施、燈光、雕塑、紀(jì)念碑、景觀和其他城市配件等公共藝術(shù)的應(yīng)用發(fā)展環(huán)境導(dǎo)示系統(tǒng)。在初始階段，將普通
元素的結(jié)構(gòu)和象性特征進(jìn)行重新組合便可制造出獨(dú)特的城鎮(zhèn)風(fēng)景。藝術(shù)功能增大了這些普通元素的可塑性，避免了公共藝術(shù)的孤立感。

環(huán)境/社會(huì)數(shù)據(jù)及分析方法
分析法明頓上個(gè)世紀(jì)受人口增長(zhǎng)和生存方式改變的影響而不斷變化的城市形態(tài)。法明頓曾經(jīng)是美國(guó)最大蘋(píng)果種植區(qū)的可持續(xù)市區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)加工中心，其
重要性遠(yuǎn)高于周?chē)钠渌擎?zhèn)。然而，時(shí)過(guò)境遷，周邊城鎮(zhèn)仍保持著城市核心，而法明頓卻已成為它們的郊區(qū)。環(huán)境敏感性公路設(shè)計(jì)和城市建筑的
改造方案將改變不規(guī)則的汽車(chē)導(dǎo)向型格局—高速商業(yè)走廊、小塊農(nóng)場(chǎng)和汽車(chē)零售。該區(qū)域的農(nóng)業(yè)遺產(chǎn)激勵(lì)了城市小面積農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)域的研究和發(fā)展，以
重新喚起已經(jīng)丟失的農(nóng)業(yè)文化。

選擇權(quán)和公眾參與
項(xiàng)目組設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)包含公路建設(shè)一般要素的“公路生態(tài)矩陣”，并根據(jù)不斷升級(jí)的服務(wù)水平進(jìn)行分類(lèi)。作為非設(shè)計(jì)人員進(jìn)行城鎮(zhèn)景觀規(guī)劃的理想工具，
該矩陣幫助參與其中的市民共筑美麗市容，方便對(duì)公路區(qū)塊進(jìn)行個(gè)性化設(shè)計(jì)，即環(huán)境敏感性設(shè)計(jì)。（美國(guó)）全國(guó)藝術(shù)基金會(huì)2010年“通往卓越藝術(shù)”
項(xiàng)目贊助了包含社區(qū)研討會(huì)，民間組織、學(xué)校及區(qū)域規(guī)劃?rùn)C(jī)關(guān)研討會(huì)在內(nèi)的項(xiàng)目策劃。

設(shè)計(jì)的重要性
設(shè)計(jì)思想形成了“無(wú)形環(huán)境”問(wèn)題的解決方案，構(gòu)成了間距式城市化進(jìn)程的紐帶。設(shè)計(jì)向我們展示了如何通過(guò)智能城市農(nóng)業(yè)接口和公路生態(tài)矩陣的組合
提供多渠道再開(kāi)發(fā)解決方案。

項(xiàng)目實(shí)施
規(guī)劃成果將用來(lái)取得阿肯色州公路與運(yùn)輸局（AHTD）2013年交通設(shè)施優(yōu)化基金，用于第一期工程的建設(shè)（包括河岸走廊工程）。目前，法明頓正
在與業(yè)主討論，希望可以臨近公路，為城市中心的發(fā)展?fàn)幦「蟮膮^(qū)域空間。

項(xiàng)目管理
法明頓市政執(zhí)政官將在阿肯色州西北部區(qū)域規(guī)劃委員會(huì)規(guī)劃人員的協(xié)助下負(fù)責(zé)設(shè)計(jì)提案的執(zhí)行，與阿肯色州公路與運(yùn)輸局共同實(shí)施環(huán)境敏感性公路
建設(shè)工程。當(dāng)?shù)厥忻窬銟?lè)部的籌款用于城鎮(zhèn)景觀非公路工程的建設(shè)。

↑ 法明頓曾是世界果園Farmington was once the World's Orchard
Farmington was once a substantial downtown agricultural processing center in one of the country's largest apple-growing regions. It is estimated
that 40 percent of the apples and pears grown at the turn of the 20th century were grown in Northwest Arkansas.
法明頓曾經(jīng)是美國(guó)最大的蘋(píng)果種植區(qū)內(nèi)的農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)。據(jù)估計(jì)，20世紀(jì)初40%的蘋(píng)果和梨產(chǎn)自西北部的阿肯色州。

↑ 法明頓的演變The Evolution of Farmington
Mapping analyses chronicle Farmington's changing urban morphology, where it was once a center of agricultural processing. Now, Farmington is
a bedroom community to surrounding communities, which have retained their downtown cores.
分析法明頓不斷變化的城市形態(tài)—曾經(jīng)是農(nóng)業(yè)加工中心的法明頓現(xiàn)已成為始終保持城市核心的周邊城鎮(zhèn)的郊區(qū)。

↑ 重建當(dāng)?shù)厥澄锞坝^Re-establishing a Local Foodscape
The project proposes a “productive” landscape, which functions as a continuous public network integrating urban and ecological systems. Akin to
a public utility, the network defines new public spaces, blocks, neighborhood edges, and transitions between the town fabric and its riparian
corridor, recalling Farmington's lost agricultural heritage.
該項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)“生產(chǎn)性”景觀，構(gòu)成了連接城市和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的公共網(wǎng)絡(luò)。與公共設(shè)施相似，該網(wǎng)絡(luò)定義了新公共空間、街區(qū)、鄰區(qū)邊緣及城鎮(zhèn)構(gòu)造
與河岸走廊的過(guò)渡區(qū)域，喚起法明頓丟失的農(nóng)業(yè)傳統(tǒng)。

↑ 智能城市農(nóng)業(yè)接口重拾丟失的農(nóng)業(yè)遺產(chǎn) Smart Urban Agricultural Interfaces Reclaim a Lost Agricultural Literacy
Urban landscapes are designed as laminated ecosystems since some plants are optimal remediators of air and water pollution, while others favor
nutrient cycling and soil husbandry or integrated pest management.
基于某些植物凈化空氣和水源的作用，另外一些植物具備的營(yíng)養(yǎng)循環(huán)、維護(hù)土壤或綜合防治病害蟲(chóng)的功能，設(shè)計(jì)者們將城市景觀設(shè)計(jì)成一個(gè)復(fù)合式
的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。

↑ 第三期：地標(biāo) Phase 3: Accentuate with Landmarks
Triangulate school and commercial zones with traffic roundabouts that replace traffic signals, accompanied by public art with novel urbanized
agricultural structures.學(xué)校、帶交通環(huán)道（取代交通信號(hào)燈）的商業(yè)區(qū)、及新穎城市化農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的公共藝術(shù)。

第二期: 景觀框架和新街道幾何結(jié)構(gòu)Phase 2: Frame with Landscape and New Street Geometries
Connect gateways with new street geometries, incorporating a multiway boulevard, a green access alley, bike and pedestrian trails, and urban
agricultural systems.連接城市門(mén)戶(hù)通道與新街道，包含復(fù)合型林蔭大道、綠色入口小徑、自行車(chē)道和人行道、城市農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)。

第一期: 連接門(mén)戶(hù)通道Phase 1: Bound with Gateways
Demarcate entries into city services complex and commercial strip with town gateways.通過(guò)城鎮(zhèn)門(mén)戶(hù)通道劃分城市服務(wù)綜合和商業(yè)地帶的入口

現(xiàn)有環(huán)境Existing Context
The town's nondescript commercial and institutional hub is a low-density, single-use zoned fabric serviced by a five-lane arterial highway.
城市當(dāng)前不規(guī)則分布的商業(yè)和機(jī)構(gòu)中心密度低、功能單一，五條車(chē)道的公路干線(xiàn)穿梭其間。

↑ 第一期 在走廊端點(diǎn)發(fā)展城市門(mén)戶(hù)通道，劃定城鎮(zhèn)中心Phase 1 Develop urban gateways at corridor endpoints, delimiting the town core.
The town green gateway proposes a green space around which a new year-round regional farmers' market, existing city hall and fire station, and
future private development are to be located. The riparian gateway marks transition to the riparian corridor trail and foraging landscapes below.
城鎮(zhèn)的綠色通道應(yīng)是一個(gè)綠色空間，周?chē)乾F(xiàn)有的市政廳和消防站、及未來(lái)發(fā)展的全年開(kāi)放的新區(qū)域性農(nóng)貿(mào)市場(chǎng)和私人開(kāi)發(fā)項(xiàng)目。風(fēng)景迤邐的河岸
門(mén)戶(hù)通道是通往河岸走廊的過(guò)渡性結(jié)構(gòu)。

↑ 城鎮(zhèn)綠色門(mén)戶(hù)通道Town Green Gateway
Establish a town green with orchards and a new farmers' market pavilion at the west gateway that organizes scattered assets (i.e., buildings and
parking lots) into a coherent, identifiable, urban realm.
西部門(mén)戶(hù)通道處的果園和新農(nóng)貿(mào)市場(chǎng)將打造一個(gè)綠色城鎮(zhèn)，并將分散的城鎮(zhèn)結(jié)構(gòu)（如建筑和停車(chē)場(chǎng)）有序地組織成連貫的特征明顯的城市區(qū)域。

↑ 農(nóng)貿(mào)市場(chǎng)和綠色城鎮(zhèn)Farmers' Market Pavilion and Town Green
Develop a year-round farmers' market to process regional food products, and to host multiple community events – Farmington's best porch.
建立一個(gè)處理當(dāng)?shù)厥称返娜觊_(kāi)放的農(nóng)貿(mào)市場(chǎng)，舉辦多社區(qū)活動(dòng)，構(gòu)造法明頓最好的展示平臺(tái)。

↑ 大橋Riparian Bridge Gateway
Develop the intersection between highway and riparian greenway with agricultural urban components and new bridging elements. The eastern
gateway serves as neighborhood threshold organizing scattered assets (i.e., buildings, bridges, parking lots, and streams) into a coherent,
identifiable, urban realm.
用城市農(nóng)業(yè)元素和新的橋渡元素開(kāi)發(fā)公路和河岸綠色通道之間的交叉區(qū)域。東部門(mén)戶(hù)通道將分散的城鎮(zhèn)結(jié)構(gòu)（如建筑、橋梁、停車(chē)場(chǎng)和河流）有序
地組織成連貫的特征明顯的城市區(qū)域。

↑ 法明頓門(mén)戶(hù)通道Farmington Gateways
Designed for food production and processing, the combined landscape and street system, serves as public armature ordering future infill
development between the gateway.
為食品生產(chǎn)和加工而設(shè)計(jì)、景致迷人的街道系統(tǒng)勾勒出門(mén)戶(hù)通道之間區(qū)域的未來(lái)補(bǔ)充性發(fā)展。

↑ 第二期Phase 2
Focused on infill, phase two introduces new right-of-way geometries between gateways, including a food-bearing multiway boulevard that
accommodates regional and local traffic with bicycle and pedestrian facilities. New pedestrian crossings and nodes connect the commercial sector
with public school facilities across the corridor, creating a safer multi-modal realm.
第二期關(guān)注補(bǔ)充性開(kāi)發(fā)，在門(mén)戶(hù)通道之間引入優(yōu)化的道路新布局，包括根據(jù)地區(qū)和當(dāng)?shù)亟煌ㄇ闆r設(shè)由自行車(chē)道和人行道、并可種植食物的復(fù)合型林
蔭大道?？v橫的人行道穿過(guò)走廊連接商業(yè)區(qū)和公立學(xué)校，創(chuàng)造一片更加安全的多元化區(qū)域。

↑  種植食物的新復(fù)合型林蔭大道和人行道規(guī)劃New Food-Bearing Multiway Boulevard and Pedestrian Interface Plan
The multiway boulevard can accommodate existing land uses while developing a “food utility” that provides access to local food production and
can be foraged. Retrofits also accommodate multiple modes of transit, including pedestrian, bicycle, and local as well as regional automobile traffic.
復(fù)合型林蔭大道適應(yīng)當(dāng)前土地使用需求的同時(shí)可發(fā)展成“食物設(shè)施”—食物種植基地，更多的可能性有待開(kāi)發(fā)。改造后的道路能滿(mǎn)足多種交通形式的需
要，如步行、自行車(chē)、當(dāng)?shù)丶暗貐^(qū)范圍內(nèi)的汽車(chē)。

↑ 第三期 用空間劃分和城市藝術(shù)代替工程設(shè)備，實(shí)現(xiàn)交通穩(wěn)靜化（不減少交通量）（Phase 3 Traffic calming (without diminishing throughput) is
achieved through spatial definition and civic art in lieu of engineering devices.
Phase three substitutes roundabouts for traffic signaling at two key intersections within the corridor segment. roundabouts extend the gateway
features and are accentuated with public art structures featuring signage and urban agricultural living walls.
第三期用環(huán)形路代替走廊區(qū)域內(nèi)兩個(gè)主要十字路口的交通指示燈。環(huán)路延伸了門(mén)戶(hù)通道的特性，具備指示功能和以城市農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)墻為特征的公共藝
術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)又進(jìn)一步凸顯了這一區(qū)域。

↑ 公共藝術(shù)—環(huán)路Roundabouts as Public Art
Besides maintaining continuous traffic flow, roundabouts rationalize awkward and dangerous street intersections while enhancing street aesthetics
with wayfinding landmarks that combine public art and urban agricultural espaliers. The roundabout with an accompanying plaza at the public
school facilities connects sports facilities with academic buildings severed by the road.
環(huán)路不僅保證了交通的通行性，還使不規(guī)則的危險(xiǎn)街道交叉口趨于合理。同時(shí)，結(jié)合了公共藝術(shù)和城市農(nóng)業(yè)樹(shù)墻的的指示性地標(biāo)強(qiáng)化了街道的美學(xué)
特征。公立學(xué)校區(qū)域附帶廣場(chǎng)的環(huán)路將運(yùn)動(dòng)設(shè)施和被公路分隔的教學(xué)樓連接起來(lái)。

↑ 種植食物的新復(fù)合型林蔭大道和人行道Food-Bearing Multiway Boulevard and Pedestrian Interface
Coupled with a new “food utility”, ordinary street accessories related to lighting, signage, paving, shelter, and furniture civilize the corridor, creating
a pedestrian-oriented frontage system that incents better use of the land.
新的“食物設(shè)施”與普通的街道設(shè)施（如路燈、指示燈、輔路、蔽蔭處等）共同塑造了一個(gè)文明化的走廊，創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)以步行為主導(dǎo)的臨街系統(tǒng)，引領(lǐng)
著土地開(kāi)發(fā)的良性發(fā)展。

Project Statement

The Farmington townscape plan retrofits a suburban five-lane commercial arterial into a food-bearing multiway boulevard, revitalizing this once
vibrant 5,000-person farming community. Townscaping employs a serial organization of nodes to create a walkable urban environment within an
automobile-oriented context. Townscaping proposes an incremental urbanism without reliance on capital-intensive architectural investments. The
goal is to evolve a memorable town fabric through three place-making strategies: 1) agricultural urbanism, 2) context-sensitive highway design, and
3) public art planning.

Project Narrative

Farmington was once a substantial agricultural community in one of the country's largest apple-growing regions. It is estimated that 40 percent of
the apples and pears grown at the turn of the 20th century were grown in Northwest Arkansas. The townscape plan proposes to re-restablish a local
foodscape, recalling Farmington's agricultural heritage. The convenience provided by proximity to growing systems demystifies farming and
positions it to be a tool for local economic development and jobs creation.

1. Develop an urban agricultural landscape network of civic food-bearing landscapes – edible landscapes – in public right-of-ways, recalling
Farmington's lost agricultural heritage. This provides local food supply resiliency and security, while democratizing access to improved nutrition
and healthy lifestyles. Landscapes include fruit-bearing arboretums, foraging landscapes, herbaceous container gardens, trellised vines, and espaliers
("plant training"). Urban landscapes are designed as laminated ecosystems since some plants are optionmal remediators of air and water pollution,
while others favor nutrient cycling and soil husbandry or integrated pest management.

2. Provide a model context-sensitive highway design that enhances the delivery of ecological and urban services offered by SR 62. According to
the Federal Highway Administration: "Context-sensitive solutions (CSS) is a collaborative, interdisciplinary approach that involves all
stakeholders to develop a transportation facility that fits its physical setting and preserves scenic, aesthetic, historic and environmental
resources, while maintaining safety and mobility." The plan transforms a highway into a boulevard, accommodating the town's schools
and institutional and commercial sectors arrayed along the highway. A proposed local frontage system on the commercialized south edge
encourages pedestrian activity.

3. Introduce public art planning to develop a wayfinding system through the expressive power of signage, building frontage, street furniture,
lighting, sculpture, memorials, landscaping, and other urban accessories. Unique townscape sets produced from the recombination of ordinary
elements lend structure and imageability without having to rely on buildings in the initial phases. The artistic function amplifies resourcefulness
in these ordinary elements, avoiding the isolation of public art as its own discrete land use.

Environmental/Social Data and Methods of Analysis

Mapping analyses chronicle Farmington's changing urban morphology as a function of its population growth and changing livelihood over the last
century. Farmington was once a substantial downtown agricultural processing center in one of the country's largest apple-growing regions, dwarfing
nearby towns in importance. Now, Farmington is a bedroom community to these nearby towns, which have retained their downtown cores. Sprawling
automobile-oriented patterns – high-speed commercial corridors, subdivision farms, and automobile-based retail – are addressed through sprawl repair
protocols in content-sensitive highway design and urban architecture. The area's agricultural legacy prompted research and development in smart urban
agricultural interfaces to reclaim a lost literacy in agriculture.

Consideration of Options and Public Participation

The project team devised a "Highway Ecology Matrix" consisting of ordinary components deployed in highway development classified according
to the ascending levels of service. An ideal townscaping tool for non-designers, this matrix facilitates customization of highway segments – content
sensitive design – through amenity combinations created by participating citizens. Project planning, involving community charrettes and workshops
with civic groups, the school district, and the regional planning authority, was sponsored through a planning grant from the National Endowment
for the Arts in their 2010 Access to Artistic Excellence program.

Role of Design

Design thinking was used to frame both a solution to the problem of the "shapeless environment" and to devise a vocabulary or syntax toward an
articulated solution in incremental urbanism. Design development shows how combinations from the Smart Urban Argicultural Interfaces and
Highway Ecology Matrix offer multiple corridor redevelopment solutions.

Project Implementation

Planning results are being used to seek 2013 Transportation Facilities Enhancement funding from Arkansas Highway Transportation Department
(AHTD) to implement Phase 1, including improvements to the riparian corridor. Farmington is currently in discussions with property owners
abutting the highway to acquire property for development of the town center.

Project Administration

The Farmington City Manager, assisted by planning staff from the Northwest Arkansas Regional Planning Commission, will be charged with
executing the proposal, particularly in working with the Arkansas Highway and Transportation Department to implement context-sensitive
highway practices. Local citizen clubs are fundraising to implement non-highway portions of the townscape. (VIA:ASLA )