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高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法填空解題技巧與練習(xí)(1)

 mxb08 2015-05-13


本文章內(nèi)容導(dǎo)讀

一、動(dòng)詞(謂語(yǔ)/非謂語(yǔ))

二、名詞

三、代詞

四、冠詞

五、介詞

六、連詞(從屬連詞/并列連詞)

七、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

八、形容詞/副詞

九、挖掉表示起承轉(zhuǎn)合的副詞或副詞性短語(yǔ)

十、詞形變化或者詞性變化

十一、特殊句型(或固定短語(yǔ))

十二、定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞.

十三、狀語(yǔ)從句

十四、名詞性從句

十五、 時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)

十六、 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

十七、 倒裝語(yǔ)序、主謂一致關(guān)系、強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)及其他

語(yǔ)法填空的考查范圍:

1 語(yǔ)境(上下文);

2 語(yǔ)法:

動(dòng)詞(時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、主謂一致、非謂語(yǔ)形式)、名詞、代詞、冠詞、介詞、連詞 固定搭配、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、復(fù)合句、形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)最高級(jí)及構(gòu)詞法、倒裝等。

語(yǔ)法填空的能力要求:

1.閱讀/理解語(yǔ)篇的能力

2.分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)的能力

3.熟練運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法的能力

4.單詞拼寫(xiě)能力和邏輯推理能力等,對(duì)中下層考生來(lái)說(shuō),難度較大。

重點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí):掌握句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)

首先,我們必須熟練掌握簡(jiǎn)單句的基本句型結(jié)構(gòu):

1)主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)(+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ))

2)主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)

其次,我們要充分了解充當(dāng)各個(gè)句子成分的典型詞類:

1)充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的典型詞類是名詞或代詞。此外,還有動(dòng)名詞、不定式短語(yǔ)等。

2)充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)的一定是動(dòng)詞。

3)充當(dāng)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)的典型詞類是形容詞。

4)在名詞前作定語(yǔ)的典型詞類是形容詞或形容詞性物主代詞。

5)作狀語(yǔ)的典型詞類是副詞。

再次,我們還要掌握句子的擴(kuò)展結(jié)構(gòu):兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句之間若不用句號(hào)或分號(hào),就必須要用連詞,否則,句子的結(jié)構(gòu)就不完整。連詞主要有以下四類:

1)用and,but,or,while(而,卻),when(就在這個(gè)時(shí)候)等構(gòu)成并列句。

2)用if,unless,before,after,until,although,though,as,since,because,so,so that等構(gòu)成含狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句(這里要注意區(qū)分一下復(fù)雜句和復(fù)合句,復(fù)合句是包含在復(fù)雜句這個(gè)概念里面的,在下文的基礎(chǔ)寫(xiě)作部分有提到)。

3)用who,which,that,when,where,why等構(gòu)成含定語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句。(這里要提醒考生的是往往不給任何提示的空就是填連詞或關(guān)系詞的,但也須結(jié)合句子結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)分析。)

4)用that,if/whether(是否),wh-等構(gòu)成含名詞性從句的復(fù)合句。

解題方法:用句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析法巧解語(yǔ)法填空.分析句子的結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)解答語(yǔ)法填空題很有幫助。在解答語(yǔ)法填空題時(shí),分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以迅速確定所要填的詞語(yǔ)的詞類或大致方向,若再結(jié)合語(yǔ)境就可以很快得出具體的詞語(yǔ)或詞形,結(jié)合語(yǔ)境方面要特別注意短文的時(shí)態(tài)和上下文中的一些提示。

如: 閱讀下面短文,根據(jù)上下文填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~語(yǔ),或使用括號(hào)中的詞語(yǔ)的適當(dāng)形式填空,并將答案填寫(xiě)在答題卡上標(biāo)號(hào)的相應(yīng)位置。

The Internet has become part of young people’s life. ____1____ report shows that 38% of students often use the Internet . Most of them get _____2____ (use) information on the Internet ____3____ use the Internet to help in their studies. But many students don’t use it _____4____ a good way. Some play games too much, some visit websites ____5____ shouldn’t look at. So bad things may happen ____6___ students spend too much time on the Internet.

_____7____ is important for students to use the Internet properly. Now we have a textbook, _____8____ uses many examples to teach students some good ways to use the Internet. It gives useful advice.

Some students also make ____9____ on the Internet. But if you want to have a face-to-face ____10_____ (meet) with your online friends, let your parents know and meet in a proper place.

1. A .從下文中可以看出這是一個(gè)報(bào)道表明,前文還沒(méi)有出現(xiàn),無(wú)須特指.考查冠詞的用法.

2. useful. 提示詞use有名詞和動(dòng)詞的詞性,在這里是要一個(gè)形容詞修飾imformation.考察詞性的判定和轉(zhuǎn)化。

3. and. 從這個(gè)句子要表達(dá)的意思來(lái)看get 和 use是并列的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。

4. in . 固定搭配,in a way 表示用某種方法。

5. they. 這是一個(gè)省略了that/which 的定語(yǔ)從句,從句子成分來(lái)看,此句缺乏主語(yǔ),是用來(lái)修飾websites,而關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句種作賓語(yǔ),故省略,填they來(lái)作從句中的主語(yǔ)。

6. if .從上一句話承接下來(lái)的一個(gè)結(jié)果,但用了情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may,此空應(yīng)該填連詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。

7. It. 形式主語(yǔ)it代替真正的主語(yǔ)-不定式to use the Internet.

8. which. 通過(guò)句子分析法可以知道這是一個(gè)非限制性的定語(yǔ)從句。

9. friends. 由語(yǔ)境,下文中online friends推斷出make friends 這個(gè)短語(yǔ)。

10. meeting . 提示詞meet雖有名詞詞性,但have a meeting是習(xí)慣搭配。

下面是一些基本語(yǔ)法的解析,結(jié)合以往的一些單項(xiàng)選擇考題作為理解之用(加深對(duì)基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法的理解,對(duì)各個(gè)部分都有指導(dǎo)作用):

一、動(dòng)詞(謂語(yǔ)/非謂語(yǔ))

給出動(dòng)詞的原形,根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的需要給出其適當(dāng)?shù)男问?。填?dòng)詞形式,首先抓住主謂結(jié)構(gòu),確定主句,剩下的部分,如有連詞,則是句子,仍然有主謂結(jié)構(gòu),否則就用非謂語(yǔ);是謂語(yǔ)就思考時(shí)態(tài),語(yǔ)態(tài),主謂一致,是非謂語(yǔ)就看主動(dòng)被動(dòng),有否先后關(guān)系。

動(dòng)詞及動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)辨析

主要考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn):每年必考的考點(diǎn),主要從以下幾個(gè)角度來(lái)命題:

1) 慣性用法。測(cè)試語(yǔ)境中動(dòng)詞的詞義辨析;測(cè)試一些習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞;測(cè)試一些系動(dòng)詞。

2)下列動(dòng)詞組成的短語(yǔ):break,carry,come,get,give,go,look,pick,send,set,take,turn。英語(yǔ)詞組的深層含義挖掘、多種含義拓寬也是當(dāng)今考題的一個(gè)熱點(diǎn)。每年的高考英語(yǔ)科考試大綱中雖列出了單詞和詞組,但并未注明其具體的含義,這就給命題者留下了自由的伸縮空間。所以在復(fù)習(xí)時(shí),不能拘泥于其在教材上的含義,要大膽地對(duì)其深層含義進(jìn)行挖掘。如:go out便可挖掘出以下含義:出去;出國(guó);發(fā)出去;貼出去;出去參加社交活動(dòng);離家出去工作;壓塌;(火)熄滅;過(guò)時(shí);死去;消失;辭職;下臺(tái);結(jié)束;罷工等。(在完形填空中多加注意)

【例17】Two or three years ago this kind of glass es was a favorite with the children,but now it _______ .

A. has gone over B. has gone out C. goes by D. is going down

【答案】B 【解析】go out在這是“過(guò)時(shí)”之意。答案選 B。

【例18】They’ve _______ us £150,000 for the house. Shall we take it?

A. provided B. supplied C. shown D. offered

【答案】D

【解析】解答本題時(shí)不能只依據(jù)表面意思來(lái)選擇。provide表示“提供”之意,但常構(gòu)成 provide sb. with sth.(提供某人某物)或 provide sth.for sb.(提供某物給某人);supply也表示“提供”之意,但常構(gòu)成:supply sb. with sth. 或 supply sth.to sb;show 意為“帶路,給某人看”,不合句意;offer常用為:offer sb. sth.(提供某物給某人)。所以答案是 D。

【例19】To everybody’s surprise,the fashionable young lady _______ to be a thief.

A. found out B. proved out C. putout D. turned out

【答案】D 【解析】find out表示“打聽(tīng),查明”;prove out搭配錯(cuò)誤;putout表示“撲滅,熄滅”;turn out表示“證明是,結(jié)果是”。故答案為 D。

練習(xí):

1. … Ms Chen (teach) me English since Junior 1, and to show my appreciation I decided to get her a present. (廣州一模)

2. … I was certain she would like it because I (tell) by my classmates that she loved hot food. (廣州一模)

3. … The exam, which was originally to be held in our classroom,__________ (change) to the library at the last minute. .(廣州二模)

4. I had to leave work to take him to the hospital because he __________ (break) his finger. (深二模)

5. The child, Nicole Hobson, (take) by her mother to Children's Memorial Hospital about 11 p.m., Wednesday to check …(汕頭二模)

6. A transit spokesman said the driver should (make) radio call to the control center for help. (汕頭二模)

7. An official from the Ministry of Education said that China follows an educational policy that (encourage) students to study abroad. (茂名二模)

8. One of them was a visitor, saying he wouldn’t have been there if he ______ (watch)the weather forecast the day before. (梅州二模)

9. We must also consider the reaction of the person (receive) the gift. (廣州一模)

10 … With the problem (solve), I felt proud of my achievement. .(廣州二模)

11 … I then noticed that I had just 10 minutes left_________ (complete) the rest. .(廣州二模)

12. There, (place) neatly beside the empty dish ,were two nickels and five pennies—her tip! (深一模)

13. ( compare) with the previous year, the number of students who went abroad for study was increased by 15 ,000, or a rise of 13%. (茂名二模)

14. Storms swept along New Mexico's border with Texas on Friday, ______(destroy) homes and other buildings and injuring…(梅州二模)

15.We must practise speaking and (write) the language whenever we can.

16.but it is not enough only (memorize) rules from a grammar book. (佛山一模)

17. The television viewer makes no choice and no judgment. He is completely passive and has everything ______ (present) to him without any effort on his part. (東莞一模)

Keys: 1. has taught / has been teaching /had taught /had been teaching 2. was told/ had been told 3. was changed 4. had broken 5. was being taken 6. have made 7. encourages 8. had watched 9. receiving 10. solved 11. to complete12. placed 13. compared 14. destroying 15. writing 16. to writing 17. presented

二、名詞

主要考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn):名詞的用法,語(yǔ)境中詞性的判斷,詞的轉(zhuǎn)化。在語(yǔ)法填空題中常出現(xiàn)給一個(gè)提示詞要求用它的正確形式填空,

重點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí):①掌握名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的變化規(guī)律以及與相近語(yǔ)法的關(guān)系(名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的使用受冠詞、數(shù)詞和主謂一致等語(yǔ)法的制約,因此復(fù)習(xí)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),應(yīng)注意分析名詞前的數(shù)詞、量詞、冠詞等修飾語(yǔ)情況,還應(yīng)注意主謂一致問(wèn)題)。②熟悉、區(qū)別可數(shù)不可數(shù)(英語(yǔ)中有些名詞有時(shí)為可數(shù)名詞,而有時(shí)又是不可數(shù)名詞,其區(qū)別由各自不同的用法而定,這是名詞可數(shù)性用法的難點(diǎn))。如:work 工作,不可數(shù)名詞;著作 作品,可數(shù);工廠 作坊,可數(shù);工程 工事,可數(shù)。③掌握名詞所有格的表示方法和名詞作定語(yǔ)的用法,特別注意 else的所有格、雙重所有格的用法。

【例1】The faces of four famous American presidents on Mount Rushmore can be seen from a _______ of 60 miles.

A. length B. distance C. way D. space

【答案】B【解析】本題考搭配,from at a distance of...從……的距離。選 B。

三、 代詞

主要考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn):不定代詞和替代詞的用法,It的用法和人稱代詞賓格。

復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn):

①指代必須準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤。②在使用人稱代詞、反身代詞、物主代詞這三類代詞時(shí),要注意它們?cè)诰渲械娜朔Q、單復(fù)數(shù)及性別與所有格的一致性。③疑問(wèn)代詞的用法。④it,one,that是高考命題鎖定的三個(gè)代詞。

【例8】—Which of the three ways shall I take to the village?

_______ way as you please.

A. Each B. Every C. Any D. Either

【答案】C 【解析】根據(jù)句中 three一詞,可以相應(yīng)的判斷答語(yǔ)中應(yīng)用表示三者的詞,即在 A、B、C 中選擇。另外,從語(yǔ)境上看,問(wèn)者詢問(wèn)的是“我應(yīng)該走哪條路可以到達(dá)鄉(xiāng)村?”而從答話人的語(yǔ)氣看,應(yīng)是“哪條路(任何一條路)都可以”。故選 C。



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