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一、常用句式 這部分針對一些在寫作上實(shí)在有困難的考生，列出一些經(jīng)常用于作文開頭、結(jié)尾以及中間過渡的句式。需要指出的是，這些句式并不僅僅可以用在命題作文中，部分句式也可以用在我們后面要介紹的漫畫類作文、圖表類作文以及段首句類作文中。因此，考生一定要根據(jù)不同內(nèi)容靈活運(yùn)用。當(dāng)然，在介紹后幾種題型的作文中，我們還會(huì)列出一些專門適用于那幾種題型的作文的句式。 ?、?常用于開頭的句式 1．With the rapidly growing popularity of …, the quality of our lives has been considerably changed. 例句：With the rapidly growing popularity of computers in China, the quality of our lives has been considerably changed. 2．Recently, sth. /the problem of…h(huán)as been brought to popular attention/has become the focus of public concern. 例句：Recently, the problem of unemployment has been brought to such popular attention that governments at all levels place it on the agenda as the first matter. 3．With the development of…, more and more people come to realize that… 例句：With the development of high education, more and more people come to realize that knowledge plays a role of extreme importance in modern society. 4．In the past few years, there has been a boom/sharp growth/decline in… 例句：In the past few years, there has been a decline in the number of species. 5．It is a traditional practice to…in our society. 例句：It is a traditional practice for young people to be financially dependent on their parents for anything like marriage and housing. 6．It has long been considered only right and proper/perfectly justified to… ssible measure for the selection of the qualified. 10．The birth/invention of…h(huán)as made an enormous/essential difference to… But is does not mean that… 例句：The birth of the computer has made an essential difference to the human progress. But it does not mean that this wonder dose no threat to our society. 11．Sth. has changed the way our society develops, but its bright side should not keep us from following closely its dark side. 例句：The genetic engineering has changed the way our society develops, but its bright side should not keep us from following closely its dark side. 12．What would our society be like if there were no…？ 例句：What would our society be like if there were no public morals? 13．Should we put sth. above sth. else? /Should we attach as much weight to sth. as to. sth. else? 例句：Should we put intellectual development above moral education? 14．Sth. is just the same as…/is compared to…/is like… 例句：Life in the middle of marriage if often compared to wire walking, for in the early years spouses attract each other and in late years they need each other. 15．In our life, there often appears such an occasion when…/on which… 例句：In our daily life, there often appears such an occasion when we drink success to our work in one field but, at the same time, begin to do great damage to other fields. 16．One of the great men one said that…/There is an old saying that… 例句：A gifted American psychologist once said that it is an illusion to believe in the Sunday-school truth—more comfort, more happiness. 17．According to the recent survey/statistics, there is…percent of… 例句：According to a recent survey made in a certain university, there are 43.8 percent of male students and 38.3 percent of female students either facing problems with nutrition or having to miss classes because of illness each term. 18．Nowadays, a heated debate/discussion about…is under way in China. Some people believe that…, whereas others argue that… 例句：Nowadays, a heated debate about whether one should step forward bravely in the event of crime is under way in China. Some people believe that one should step forward bravely no matter how dangerous it is, whereas others argue that one should put his or her own safety above anything else. 19．When it comes to…, most people contend that…, but other people consider that… 例句：When it comes to fake commodities, most people contend that people should battle against the falsehood of the fakes, but other people consider that buying fake commodities means nothing but “unlucky” which is hard to avoid. 20．There are many advantages and disadvantages in… 例句：There are many advantages and disadvantages in owning a car. ?、?常用于結(jié)尾的句式 1． It is hoped that we should place much emphasis on/pay more attention to… 例句：It is hoped that we should pay more attention to the problems of unemployment. 2． Only in this way/only when/only through…, will/can we… 例句：It is only if all sides of society take their roles fully that we will achieve the society we want. 3． As long as…, we will be able to…/the problems is bound to… 例句：As long as we persist in spreading scientific knowledge among the masses, all the superstitions are bound to go out of our life. 4． In the course of time/In a long run/In the long term, sth. is more likely/bound/sure to… 例句：In a long run, the practice of birth control is believed to do a great benefit to the future of China. 5． In a word, there is every/little chance/probability/possibility that…in time to come. 例句：In a word, there is every chance that this wise move in economic construction will acquire a broader significance in time to come. 6． Anything/anyone that/who…will have to… 例句：Anyone who has a strong bias against China will have to threat her with increased respect. 7． It is high time that… 例句：It is high time that the issue were to be solved so as to promote the economic development. 8． We should do our best in eliminating… 例句：We should do our best in eliminating air pollution. 9． The problem is not…; the problem is… 例句：The problem is not that we cannot do it; the problem is that we hate to do such nasty things. 10．In order to…, we must… 例句：In order to make our world a better place in which to live, we must learn to live in harmony with all wildlife species. 11．All the above evidence/experience/ facts goes to show that… 例句：All the above evidence goes to show that the birth of computer has benefited our life greatly. 12．No surprising/ It is apparent that the task of…demands/requires/deserves immediate/serious/considerable attention/consideration. 例句：It is, therefore, apparent that the task of fighting against corruption requires considerable consideration now. 13．We can come to the conclusion that… 例句：We can come to the conclusion that living on campus is the best way of learning independence, and of understanding other people and society at large. 14．We then have reasons to be confident that in the near future… 例句：We then have reasons to be confident that in the near future, no child is forced out of school because of poverty. 15．My suggestion is that…; otherwise… 例句：My suggestion is that effective measures should be taken to check population growth; otherwise, the potential consequences are unimaginable. 16．As for me, I have always been taking care to… So, I… 例句：As for me, I have always been taking care to choose a goal and a right path before doing anything important. Then I will work hard and perseveringly. So, I have made some achievements and I will do better. 17．So I believe a…tomorrow…will be achieved through efforts of every person. 例句：So I believe a safe tomorrow of less car accidents will be achieved through efforts of every person. 18．Therefore, we should not only…but…as well. 例句：Therefore, we should not only realize that competition and cooperation, like two sides of the coin, have to go hand in hand, but fix more attention on how to make full use of cooperation as well. 19．In short, …are the major problems to be solved to… 例句：In short, shortage of water, decrease of fertile fields and environmental pollution are the major problems to be solved to increase grain production. 20．Who is to say that…? 例句：Who is to say that our scientists may not provide a better theory? ?、?常用的過渡句式 1． Although lots of people follow the fashion/trend, I still set my heart on… 例句：Although lots of people follow the fashion, I still set my heart on its negative effect on our society. 2． For one thing… For another… As a third benefit/disadvantage… 例句：For one thing, some excellent students can take full advantage of the holiday to awaken their personal interests such as painting, sightseeing and so on. For another, it can provide more chances for some poor students to help make two ends meet and to get prepared for the future by taking part-time jobs. As a third benefit, for those who are far from good at a certain subject, there is a golden opportunity of catching up with other. 3．It is no easy/simple task/job to furnish/identify/find every reason/cause for sth., but/while, on the whole, two/some factors shout louder/ weigh heavier than others/stand out from others. 例句：It is no easy job to find every reason for the increase in the number of teenagers who run away from their homes, but, on the whole, two factors shout louder than others. First of all, …. Second, … 4．In contrast with the drawbacks/demerits/flaws of sth., sth. else can serve as a better step/move/advance in the right direction/toward the solution for the problem of… 例句：In contrast with the drawbacks caused by nuclear power, the solar power can serve as a better move toward the solution for the problem of energy crisis. 5．It is true/obvious that sth can’t compete/be compared with sth else in…, but sth still enjoys/secures/possesses distinct/substantial advantage over sth else. 例句：It is obvious that radio cannot compete with television in visuality, but it still possesses substantial advantages over television. (One of these is…Another…Still another…) 6．But if…, it is easy/not difficult/hard to see/find/discover that… 例句：But if they adjust their frame of mind a little in the other direction, it is not hard for them to find that life is just as promising as before. 7．Superficially/On the surface/At first glance/In appearance, the issue in question seems…. But in fact/in substance/on close examination, … 例句：At first glance, the western-type democracy seems superior to any other types. But on close examination, it does not entitle every citizen of the same nation to the equal freedom to act. 8．Those in favor of the issue in question argue/contend/hold/maintain/claim that…. But what they fail to consider/analyze/see/find out is that… 例句：Those in favor of euthanasia(安樂死) contend that its practice can benefit both the patient and his family. But what they fail to consider is that euthanasia may be taken advantage of for some evil or hidden purposes. 9．My our look on/choice of/participation in/devotion to…stems from/derives from/results from some/several chief factors. 例句：My choice of the career stems from several chief factors. First… Second… 10．A variety of/Quite a few factors have led me to do… 例句：Quite a few factors have led me to form the habit of reading 三．常用句式 在命題作文一節(jié)中列舉的一些常用句式，大部分都可以用在漫畫類作文中，考生可以根據(jù)自己的需要選用。這里再列舉幾個(gè)常用于描述漫畫的句式。 1． The cartoon/picture briefs/depicts/shows… 例句：The cartoon briefs the history of commercial fishing in the 20th century. 2． In the picture, … 例句：In the picture, an American girl looks so pleased in the richly decorated Chinese national costumes. 3． Looking at the picture, … 例句：Looking at the picture, many people cannot help laughing. … 4．…。This is what the picture indicates. 例句：It is not unusual for Chinese children to get money from their parents, grandparents or relatives during the Spring Festival. … This is what the picture indicates. 5． The two pictures here illustrate… 例句：The two pictures here illustrate how a flower in a greenhouse is destroyed when exposed to a storm. 6． In the first picture, …. While in the second one, … 例句：In the first picture, a lonely small boat, in spite of the good catch, does not disturb the fishes that are swimming leisurely. While in the second one, the sea is over-crowded with fishing boats, and a lonely fish, desperately trying to escape, finds no place to hide. 7．As depicted in the picture/As we can see in the picture/As can been seen from the picture/As is shown by the drawing, … 例句：As can be seen from the picture, the car breaks stops on the way and cannot move any further. 8．It is most likely that by drawing the pictures, the artist intends… 例句：It is most likely that by drawing the pictures, the artist intends not only to tell us the story of fish but also to set us thinking more about nature. (一）常用句式 以下是圖表作文常用的表達(dá)法： 1． According to the figures shown in the table/graph we can see/conclude that… 例句：According to the figures shown in the table, we can see that great changes have been taking place in people’s diet over the period from 1988 to 1998. 2． We can see/We have noted/It can be seen from the table/chart/graph that… 例句：We have noted from the graph that there is a wide gap between the top ten universities both of China and of the world. 3． The graph/table/chart shows/indicates/reveals/points out that… 例句：The chart reveals that the number of road accidents is spiraling upward every year as more and more highways are constructed all over China. 4． As is shown/can be seen in the chart/graph/diagram released by the government… 例句：As we can see in the diagram released by the government, the rapid growth of population has resulted in the extinction of many wildlife species. 5． After considering the information in the graph/table/chart, we might conclude that… 例句：After considering the information in the graph, we might conclude that the energy structure in rural areas has been greatly improved over the past 15 years. 6.The chart/graph/table shows a minimal/slight/slow/steady/marked/dramatic/sharp/sudden increase/rise/decline/reduction/fall/drop in…compared with those of last year/10 years ago/last century… 例句：The graph shows a marked decline in the number of wildlife species compared with that of last century. 7． This year, the products of…dropped to half/was cut in half/doubled/tripled. 例句：This year, the products of cotton doubled. 8． The number of … grew/rose/dropped from…to… 例句：The number of car accidents grew from 3691 in 1985 to 8245 in 1995. 9． No increase is shown in …; then came a sharp increase of … 例句：No increase is shown in 1988; then came a sharp increase of 8 million. 10．Sth. is twice/three/half as large/high/much as sth. else. 例句：The production of cotton is twice as much as that of wheat. 11．The table/chart/graph represents the development and changes in … 例句：The table represents the development and changes in agriculture structure in the past 30 years. 12．By comparison with…, it dropped/ fell/ decreased from…to…/ by… 例句：By comparison with 1990, it dropped by 15 percent. 13．There appeared an even more stable/consistent/steady tendency to rise/drop. 14．The curve has leveled off/stayed the same/remained unchanged for 2 years and the trend will be continuing. 第六節(jié) 應(yīng)用文類作文 1． 幾種主要信函的寫法 英文書信主要分為事務(wù)書信和個(gè)人書信兩種，前者是單位與單位之間或個(gè)人與單位之間來往的信件，后者是親朋好友之間的來往信件。事務(wù)書信包括申請信、推薦信、求職信、訂購信等等；個(gè)人書信包括慰問信、祝賀信、道歉信以及一般的個(gè)人信等等。在格式和語體方面，事務(wù)書信比較正規(guī)，而個(gè)人書信則比較隨便。在這部分中，我們結(jié)合信函的實(shí)用程度和考研作文對篇幅的一般要求選取了五種我們認(rèn)為有可能成為考研作文命題對象的信函。 ⑴ 求職信 求職信是用來向某一單位求取一份工作的信函，它屬于廣義的申請信的一種。之所以將求職信與其他類型的申請信分開來寫，是因?yàn)槠淠壳皯?yīng)用的普遍性和重要性，因此希望考生給予足夠的重視。 寫求職信時(shí)，要注意以下幾點(diǎn)： 首先，措辭要禮貌，對求職單位要加以一定的褒揚(yáng)，并表示對該單位的向往之情，希望能到該單位工作。 第二，簡潔、明了、具體地說明自己的能力和條件。因?yàn)榍舐毿磐ǔＪ歉啔v一起寄給用人單位的，所以在信中提到自己的能力和條件時(shí)，不是要簡單重復(fù)簡歷中已有的內(nèi)容，而是要用簡潔、明了、具體的語言提出自己特別突出的或者可能引起用人單位特別的注意的能力和條件。 第三，對于要求取的工作崗位，要特別寫明，給用人單位一個(gè)考慮選擇的機(jī)會(huì)。 第四，要突出招聘者的利益，不要一味強(qiáng)調(diào)自己的需要和期望。 求職信一般分為三個(gè)部分來寫，至于分成幾段，沒有嚴(yán)格的要求。第一部分說明從哪里得到的關(guān)于這份工作的信息，又或者寫信人只是投求職信碰碰運(yùn)氣。 第二部分主要是推銷自己，表達(dá)自己對應(yīng)聘職位的興趣以及介紹自己的最突出的能力和條件。如果求職者對應(yīng)聘職位沒有太多的了解，可以特別表達(dá)一向愿意接受新挑戰(zhàn)的愿望，并強(qiáng)調(diào)一下自己在適應(yīng)新環(huán)境、處理人際關(guān)系方面的能力。 最后一部分當(dāng)然是表達(dá)一下希望，例如希望能得到面試的機(jī)會(huì)。 下面給出一封齊頭式的求職信，省略了信頭和信內(nèi)陸址，從稱呼開始。 Dear Sir or Madam: I am writing in response to the advertisement you placed in the Sunday paper for a sales manager in your company. Your company has a reputation for producing high-quality products like Mandolin network system. I am interested in joining such a professional organization. As you can see from the enclosed resume, my previous work in an export company has provided me with lots of opportunities to contact all kinds of customers and suppliers home and abroad. By communicating with them, I have got very familiar with the international trade and the current market. Besides, my educational training at university concentrated also on international trade which equipped me with a solid foundation in sales and trade. As such, I believe that my service could be of great benefit to your company in terms of customer relation and new business connections. I hope to have an opportunity to meet your human resource manager in order to let you know more about me. I enclose a resume and could be available for an interview at your convenience. Looking forward to hearing from you and thank you for your consideration. Sincerely yours, J.S. Wu ⑵ 其他申請信 當(dāng)一個(gè)人想得到某種機(jī)會(huì)或某些東西，如申請得到獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金、求學(xué)、申請出國簽證等，往往通過申請信來請求。 寫申請信的時(shí)候一般應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)： 首先，語氣要誠摯友好，措辭要嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，千萬不要表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)求的意思。 第二，對于申請的內(nèi)容和原因一定要寫得非常清楚，不能含糊。 第三，盡管不能表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)求的意思，但是期望得到的心情一定要表達(dá)出來。 申請信如何分段，也沒有嚴(yán)格的規(guī)定，其內(nèi)容一般應(yīng)包括以下幾個(gè)部分：明確是在寫申請；申請的具體內(nèi)容和緣由；自己的情況和條件；提出要求，如回信、面試等等。每一部分都要做到清晰、簡明。 對于不同的申請內(nèi)容，在介紹自己情況的時(shí)候也要有不同的側(cè)重。例如在求學(xué)信中，應(yīng)比較側(cè)重介紹自己已有的學(xué)位及專業(yè)情況；在申請留學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)資助的信中，應(yīng)著重介紹自己的學(xué)業(yè)及學(xué)術(shù)水平，因?yàn)閲夂芏鄬W(xué)校頒發(fā)獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金是以此為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的。 以下是兩封申請信，第一封是求學(xué)信，另一封是申請留學(xué)資助的，第一封信用的是齊頭式，第二封信用的是縮進(jìn)式，信頭和信內(nèi)陸址都已省略。 Dear Sir or Madam: I am writing to apply for admission to your university to pursue my M.S. degree. I have read the annual prospectus issued by your university and found that it has the best graduate program of chemistry. I am greatly interested in the program. I graduated in 1997 from Beijing University, majoring in Chemistry and holding a B. S. degree. At university, I took many fundamental courses in Chemistry and my English is excellent as I had served as the head of English Association for two years. Since then I have been teaching Chemistry in Beijing Normal University. Through my teaching experience, I have not only deepened my understanding in this field, but mastered many complicated research skills as well. Two of my former professors and the present dean of our department have kindly written letters of recommendation for me, as enclosed with this letter. Could you please send me the necessary forms and any information about financial aid in your program? Thank you very much. I look forward to hearing from you soon. Sincerely yours, Fan Wei Dear Sir or Madam: I wish to apply for admission to your department as a graduate student. I am writing to ask whether it will be possible for you to grant me a full scholarship, considering my academic record and the fact that I have no relatives or friends in America who can act as my sponsor. I completed a four-year course in chemistry at Beijing University last June. During my four years in the university, I have passed all the required courses of study with satisfactory marks. With Chemistry as my major, I minored in Physics and Mathematics. Enclosed herewith is my transcript from the department concerned. My English is very good. I have been learning English since early childhood with the help of my father who is a professor of English in Fudan University, Shanghai. I therefore believe that I will not have language difficulties while studying in the United States. I should be most grateful if you would give my request favorable consideration. Thank you very much and look forward to your reply. Sincerely yours, Wu Li 最后列舉一些寫申請信常用的表達(dá)法，供考生參考： I am writing to you because I wish to … I am writing to ask whether you could send me some information about your college and the application forms … I am a graduate from …，I am very interested in … Please send me all relevant information concerning the program you offer. I should be most grateful to you if you would send me … I would appreciate very much if you could send me … Thank you for your consideration and I look forward to your favorable reply. Enclosed in this letter please find three letters of recommendation and a certified copy of my transcript. ⑶ 推薦信 推薦信是求職或者求學(xué)所需要的材料。寫推薦信的人一般是有身份、有地位的人士，而且必須對申請者比較了解。最好是申請者原單位的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)或資歷較深的同事，或者是學(xué)校里的教授、本專業(yè)的專家等等。 寫推薦信應(yīng)該注意以下幾點(diǎn)： 首先，推薦人在寫信前應(yīng)該詳細(xì)了解聘方或?qū)W校的要求、工作性質(zhì)、專業(yè)特點(diǎn)等有關(guān)情況，有針對性地介紹并推薦申請者。 第二，推薦信要多寫優(yōu)點(diǎn)，充分肯定成績，語氣要積極、熱情。但為了客觀起見，也可適當(dāng)提一下申請者的不足之處，但一定要說明這種不足之處是可以通過學(xué)習(xí)和鍛煉得到克服的。 第三，推薦信的篇幅不宜過長，但也不能三言兩語敷衍了事，一般以250到350字為宜。 第四，推薦信的稱呼一般用To whom it may concern或者Dear sir or Madam。而且推薦信通常由推薦人直接寄給用人單位或?qū)W校。 推薦信一般分成三段到四段，主要包括三個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容：推薦人與被推薦人之間的關(guān)系；被推薦者的能力、品質(zhì)和優(yōu)點(diǎn)，在這部分至少應(yīng)該寫兩個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但最多不要超過四個(gè)，而且如果能夠用具體的例子來證明，效果會(huì)更好；建議錄取被推薦者。 下面是一封推薦信： To whom it may concern: I sincerely recommend Ms. Zhang Chen to participate in your program and researching group. I am a department manager in Guangyou Trade Company and Ms. Zhang had been worked in my department for nearly three years. As her direct supervisor, I have a good understanding in her working ability. She was very careful and sensitive to figures. Her monthly statistics and report forms were always the best of the company. And as I knew more about her, I found that she was very much interested in accounting. So I provided her with the opportunity to work with the experienced accountant in our company so that she would be able to learn from him. What I appreciate most is her diligence and the ability to learn quickly. By self-study, she passed the exam of accountant qualification. I must admit that it was not an easy task, but she managed it through hard work. Since she had already had a deep understanding in this area, I asked her to be responsible for the computerization of the accounting system in our company. It was within my expectation that she accomplished it successfully. And now, as she has determined that she would choose accounting as her life career, I would like to lend my full support in her effort. Therefore, I strongly recommend you to accept Ms. Zhang in your program. I believe that thanks to all her virtues, she would make herself a good student in your prestigious program and make a good contribution to it. And I really hope that I will have the opportunity to cooperate with her again after she got the MACC degree. Thank you very much! Yours sincerely, Li Tong Department Manager of Guangyou Trade Company 最后列舉幾個(gè)寫推薦信常用的表達(dá)法，供考生參考： I proudly introduce … to your attention. I am certain that … will build a bright career with your instruction. I would safely say that … will be excellent with your program. I have no doubt that … will make a strong candidate for your program. … is surely the right person for your program. ⑷ 邀請信 邀請信分為兩種：一種屬于個(gè)人信函，例如邀請某人共進(jìn)晚餐、參加宴會(huì)、觀看電影、出席典禮等。另一種邀請信則屬于事務(wù)信函，一般是邀請參加會(huì)議、學(xué)術(shù)活動(dòng)等等。 第一種邀請信邀請的對象一般是朋友、熟人，所以內(nèi)容格式上的要求都比較松，可以寫得隨便一些。只要表明邀請的意圖，說明活動(dòng)的內(nèi)容、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)等等。但既然是邀請信，那么就一定要在信中表達(dá)非常希望對方能夠參加或者出席的愿望。這種邀請信的篇幅可以非常短，下面以一封邀請看電影的短信為例： Dear Jane, We have four tickets for a famous film shown at Guangming Cinema, The Longest Day, Friday, the ninth. Will you join us? We’ll be looking for you at eight sharp Friday night in front of the cinema, so don’t disappoint us! Warmest regards. Alice 第二種邀請信一般由會(huì)議或?qū)W術(shù)活動(dòng)的組委會(huì)的某一個(gè)負(fù)責(zé)人來寫，以組委會(huì)的名義發(fā)出，而且被邀請者通常也是屬于比較有威望的人士。因此，這類邀請信的措辭要相對正式一些，語氣要熱情有禮。 這一類邀請信通常要包括以下內(nèi)容：首先表明邀請對方參加的意圖以及會(huì)議或?qū)W術(shù)活動(dòng)的名稱、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)；然后要對被邀請者的威望和學(xué)術(shù)水平等表示推崇和贊賞，表明如果被邀請者能夠接受邀請，會(huì)給會(huì)議或者活動(dòng)帶來很好的影響；接著要說明會(huì)議或活動(dòng)的相關(guān)事宜，最好是能引起對方興趣的事宜；當(dāng)然不能忘了表達(dá)希望對方能夠參加的誠意；最后還要請收信人對發(fā)出的邀請做出反饋，如確認(rèn)接受邀請。 下面是一封邀請對方參加學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議的信函： Dear Professor Wang, On behalf of the Ohio State University and the IEEE Computer Society, I would be very pleased to invite you to attend and chair a session of the forthcoming 2004 International Conference on Parallel Data Processing to be held in Bellaire, Michigan, from October 25 to October 28, 2004. You are an internationally acclaimed scholar and educator. Your participation will be among the highlights of the Conference. We sincerely hope that you could accept our invitation. As you know, this is the 10th anniversary of the Conference and we plan to make it a truly international meeting. We have accepted many papers from several foreign countries, including two from China. If you can come, please let us know as soon as possible, since we have to prepare the final program soon. We are looking forward to your acceptance. Sincerely yours, Peter White 無論是收到哪種邀請信都要復(fù)信，明確表示接受與否。而且無論接受與否都要對邀請者表示感謝。接受邀請的回信一般包含以下內(nèi)容：首先感謝對方的邀請，并重述邀請信中的主要內(nèi)容；然后愉快地表示接受邀請，并簡要說明自己的打算；最后表示期待赴會(huì)和與對方見面的心情。 下面是一封接受邀請的信，與上面第一封邀請信相對應(yīng)： Dear Alice, Thank you very much for your invitation. It will be great pleasure for me to join you on Friday for the wonderful film. I will arrive at the cinema before eight. I look forward to meeting you on Friday. Thank you for thinking of me. Yours, Jane 謝絕邀請的回信一般包含以下幾方面的內(nèi)容：首先還是要對對方的邀請表示感謝；然后具體說明自己無法接受邀請的原因，并對無法出席表示遺憾；最后表達(dá)自己的祝愿，即祝愿自己未能參加的會(huì)議或者活動(dòng)能夠順利進(jìn)行。 下面是一封謝絕邀請的信，與上面的第二封邀請信相對應(yīng)： Dear Professor White, Many thanks for your letter dated 15th August, inviting me to attend and chair a session of the forthcoming 2004 International Conference on Parallel Data Processing to be held in Bellaire, Michigan, from October 25 to 28, 2004. Much to my regret, I shall not be able to honor the invitation because I have been suffering from a disease since this summer. I am firmly advised that it would be unwise to undertake any distant and long travel in the near future. I feel very sad to miss the opportunity of meeting you and many others in the field of Computer Science. I wish the conference a complete success. Faithfully yours, Wang Xuan ?、?感謝信 感謝信屬于個(gè)人信函，是用來對饋贈(zèng)禮物或曾經(jīng)得到某人的關(guān)懷、照顧表示感謝，在西方國家用得比較普遍。感謝信在格式上沒有很嚴(yán)格的要求，主要是要寫得真摯，表達(dá)誠摯的感激之情，不能給人一種草率的印象。 由于感謝的對象、原因和內(nèi)容不同，感謝信的內(nèi)容也會(huì)有所區(qū)別。例如，對朋友贈(zèng)送禮物表示感謝的信，一定要提到所贈(zèng)的禮物以及自己對禮物的喜愛之情；又如因?yàn)樵趯Ψ郊依镄∽《鴮懙母兄x信，一定要提到在對方家里居住時(shí)候的感受。但是，無論如何，一封感謝信通常都包括感謝的原因、內(nèi)容以及誠摯的感激知情。 下面給出兩封簡短的感謝信，一封是對朋友贈(zèng)送禮物表示感謝，另一封是在對方家里小住過一段時(shí)間，離開后表達(dá)感謝的信。 Dear Sandy, When you left a package for me yesterday, I had difficulty waiting until my birthday to open it. I don’t know how to thank you for such an attractive present. It is something that will give me pleasure for a long time to come. Please accept my sincere thanks and best wishes. Cordially, Susan Dear Professor Anthony, Thank you for a delightful stay. Your home is lovely, your meals delectable, and I enjoyed the fun and companionship. I am still thinking about it and enjoying it in retrospect. Many thanks again for your warm hospitality. Cordially, Tom ⑹ 咨詢信 咨詢信指的是用于了解信息、資料和情況等等的信件。寫咨詢信要注意以下幾個(gè)問題： 第一，從措辭上來講，一定要有禮貌，要比較客氣地說清楚你想了解什么或者有什么要求。 第二，所提的問題一定要具體、明確，不能含糊其辭，否則會(huì)讓對方感到無從回答。 第三，如果同時(shí)有好幾個(gè)問題需要對方回答，可以考慮分段寫；如果問題比較簡單，則無需分段，但一定要將每個(gè)問題分別寫清楚。 第四，一定要記得在信中向?qū)Ψ奖硎靖兄x。 寫咨詢信的時(shí)候，一般分三個(gè)部分來寫。首先說明自己的情況，寫咨詢信的目的；第二步講明自己要咨詢的問題，要簡潔明晰；在新的結(jié)尾要向?qū)Ψ奖硎靖兄x。此外，記得要注明聯(lián)系地址與電話，以便對方答復(fù)。 下面是一封咨詢信的范例： To: London Woolen Products From: Angel Clothes Store As we plan our Fall inventory, we are again in market to buy woolens. We are principally interested in the traditional sweater and would like to request a sample. Please also send information on any other knitwear that your company produces and a current price list. If you plan to take part in the Beijing Trade Fair at the end of this month, please inform us of your stand number so that we can contact you at that time. Please note our new address and telephone number. Thank you in advance for your attention. Sincerely, …… ⑺訂購信 訂購信一般用于訂購某種貨物或機(jī)票、車票，屬于事務(wù)信件。在書寫訂購信的時(shí)候，最重要的是要清新明白地說明所要訂購的對象的數(shù)量、價(jià)格、規(guī)格等等，如果是機(jī)票、車票等，則須說明出發(fā)地、目的地、出發(fā)時(shí)間等。此外，寫明你自己的名字、地址、郵編，以及你期望的送貨方式等也是非常重要的。要避免寫冗長的句子，因?yàn)榇祟愋藕詡鬟_(dá)信息為主，所以能讓對方明白你的意圖是最重要的。 下面是一封訂購飛機(jī)票的信函： Dear Sir or Madam: I am on an urgent mission and want to get to Hong Kong as soon as possible. Please reserve for me a seat in the plane leaving Guangzhou for Hong Kong at 8 a.m. tomorrow. A seat by the window in the economic section is preferred. I shall be very grateful if you would deliver the ticket to Room 418 of the Baiyun Hotel where I am staying. If there is no seat available at 8 a.m. tomorrow, please inform me as soon as possible, so that I can change a flight. Thank you very much! Yours faithfully, Steve Brown ?、?投訴信 投訴信一般是針對質(zhì)量低劣的產(chǎn)品或者服務(wù)，其送寄對象應(yīng)該是對方主管部門的負(fù)責(zé)人。寫投訴信的目的是為了讓對方同情你的遭遇或者碰到的問題，繼而給出你所期望的解決方法。因此，寫這類信件最重要的一點(diǎn)是要實(shí)事求是，一定要遵守“簡明、公正”的原則，切勿夸大其詞，引起對方的反感。 投訴信中應(yīng)該包含的內(nèi)容有：你所投訴的問題；該問題給你造成的不良后果；與投訴有關(guān)的重要依據(jù)，如商品簡要說明、購買日期地點(diǎn)等；你所希望的解決方法和最后結(jié)果。此外，還可以向?qū)Ψ浇ㄗh解決問題的最后日期，并表示對所投訴問題的妥善解決充滿信心。 投訴信一般可分為三段：第一段說明信的主要意思，即提出要解決的問題，以及解決問題的重要性；第二段可以解釋一下詳細(xì)的情況，提出與投訴有關(guān)的重要依據(jù)；最后一段一般是提建議，說出你所期望的解決方法。 以下是一封樣信： Dear Sir, Enclosed is one sample of the envelopes which your delivery truck left in our office yesterday. We wish, however, to exchange them for the correct size, or obtain a refund. When our supply secretary selected and purchased official envelopes in your store last week on December 12, she asked that size L be sent to our office. The size we received is small, and of course it does not serve our needs. The sales receipt is #3968, dated December 12, written by salesclerk #189. Please send us the correct size L envelopes in exactly the same style and color, or if this is not available now, cash refund of $ 50.50. Thank you very much. Sincerely yours, 以上是八種我們認(rèn)為有可能考到的信函類型，當(dāng)然也有可能在考試中出現(xiàn)不在其列的信函類型，但是相信考生可以根據(jù)我們所給的這些講解和示例推出一定的規(guī)律來應(yīng)對。需要指出的是，為了給大家一個(gè)比較完整的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)上的示例，以上的樣信在字?jǐn)?shù)上并不都符合100詞的要求。但各位考生在考試時(shí)一定不能忽略字?jǐn)?shù)上的要求，因?yàn)檫@也是判分點(diǎn)之一。結(jié)構(gòu)和格式盡可以參考以上的樣文，字?jǐn)?shù)上還請考生自行把握。 2.簡歷 簡歷即個(gè)人履歷，它是個(gè)人經(jīng)歷的書面表達(dá)式。簡歷是針對自己想要謀求的學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)或工作機(jī)會(huì)，把自己所具備的資格經(jīng)歷簡要地列舉出來，以達(dá)到推銷自己的目的。簡歷不同于自傳，它并不要求將所有的經(jīng)歷列出，而是列出主要的、與所申請的學(xué)習(xí)或工作機(jī)會(huì)相關(guān)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)、業(yè)績、能力等。 寫英文簡歷的主要目的是為了要爭取到面試的機(jī)會(huì)，所以必須考慮到招聘單位和學(xué)校的立場，要做到事實(shí)求是、簡明扼要、語言規(guī)范、格式正確。寫簡歷的時(shí)候，要注意以下幾個(gè)問題： 首先，要有針對性。要圍繞要申請的職位和學(xué)位來列舉自己的經(jīng)歷、資格以及技能，盡量表現(xiàn)出自己的長處，表明自己非常適合這份工作。 第二，要力求簡明，篇幅最多不超過兩頁。 第三，版面設(shè)計(jì)要清晰簡潔，不需要做得很繁雜花哨。 第四，經(jīng)歷要完整，在時(shí)間上盡量不要留空缺。 簡歷屬于目錄式的書面報(bào)告，內(nèi)容應(yīng)包括以下幾項(xiàng)： ⑴ 個(gè)人資料 個(gè)人資料一項(xiàng)主要包括姓名、地址、電話。至于性別、出生日期、婚姻狀況、業(yè)余愛好等等并不是必須要寫的內(nèi)容。中文姓名用英語表達(dá)時(shí)用漢語拼音，可以寫成：Cheng，Huang，姓在前，名在后，用逗號隔開，如Cheng，Jun（或不用逗號即Cheng Jun）；姓的字母全部大寫，如CHENG Jun；三個(gè)字的名字，后面兩個(gè)字的漢語拼音連在一起，第二個(gè)字的第一個(gè)字母大寫，其余都小寫，如Cheng Xiajun。 ?、?應(yīng)聘職位 一般的英文簡歷，都要注明應(yīng)聘職位。 ⑶ 教育背景 教育背景即學(xué)歷，要依照從近到遠(yuǎn)的順序來列，即從最高學(xué)歷開始倒敘。如果學(xué)位較高，如學(xué)士、碩士和博士，就不需要寫出中小學(xué)的學(xué)歷來。在這一部分中，要寫出每個(gè)學(xué)歷所代表的學(xué)業(yè)的起止時(shí)間；在讀學(xué)校、系別和專業(yè)；獲得學(xué)位的種類。 ?、?工作經(jīng)歷 寫工作經(jīng)歷也要遵循從近到遠(yuǎn)的順序，一般是從目前的工作開始寫。要寫明每一份工作的服務(wù)時(shí)間；職位；工作單位；主要職責(zé)等。工作經(jīng)歷除了全職工作之外，還包括兼職工作、實(shí)習(xí)等。 ?、?社會(huì)活動(dòng) 社會(huì)活動(dòng)通常指在校期間的課外活動(dòng)，主要指參加過什么文體活動(dòng)或擔(dān)任過何種組織的職務(wù)。對于沒有什么工作經(jīng)歷的剛畢業(yè)的學(xué)生來說，社會(huì)活動(dòng)是一個(gè)很重要的競爭因素。這部分也要寫明每項(xiàng)活動(dòng)的時(shí)間、所擔(dān)任的職務(wù)和主要職責(zé)。 ?、?資格證書 資格證書是指通過考試或評審所獲得的各種任職或證明某政能力的證書，例如英語六級證書。 ?、?科研成果 科研成果包括發(fā)表的論文、出版的專著和譯著和專利等。要列明論文、專著或譯著的名稱；發(fā)表或出版的時(shí)間；報(bào)刊雜志或出版社的名稱；專利項(xiàng)目及獲得時(shí)間。 ?、?榮譽(yù)和獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng) 榮譽(yù)和獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)是指在讀書期間和工作期間獲得的各種獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)和榮譽(yù)，例如獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。這一部分要列明獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)的名稱和獲得時(shí)間。 ?、?證明人 證明人一般列在簡歷的最后，以增加可信度。通?？勺鳛樽C明人的有：學(xué)校里的任課老師和同學(xué)、單位的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和同事。也可不列出具體的證明人，但必須說明Reference will be available upon request. 除了以上列出的九項(xiàng)基本內(nèi)容之外，還可以根據(jù)需要增加一些內(nèi)容，例如相關(guān)技能等；當(dāng)然如果上述基本內(nèi)容中有幾項(xiàng)不符合實(shí)際情況也可以省略，例如沒有發(fā)表論文或出版書籍的就不需要列科研成果這一項(xiàng)。對于以上各種內(nèi)容在簡歷中的順序安排并沒有嚴(yán)格的規(guī)定，一般來說只要包括以上的主要內(nèi)容，每個(gè)人可以根據(jù)自己的習(xí)慣來排列順序。 下面給出一份簡歷，供大家參考簡歷的格式： Jack Black Objective MACC program, fall,2004 Education 1996–2000 Fudan University of Finance and Economics § B.A., Accounting1993-1996 Shanghai No. 5 Middle School Standard Test CET 6 Passed TEM 4 Passed Related Qualifications Strong team spiritStrong ability to analyze and solve problems independentlySense of responsibility Social Activities 1996-2000 Publicity Section of the Department of International Trade§ Member Work Experience 2000.5-2003.2 Jingjiang Trade Corporation § Accountant § Designed a set of statistical report forms which was very practical and widely used in the company§ Dealt with daily fiscal report forms Awards 1997-1998 The Third Class Scholarship of Fudan University of Finance and Economics Personal Information Telephone: 010-62548902 Email: absent1@ sina.comAddress: 305 Zhong Guan Cun Science Bldg. 15 Zhong Guan Cun Rd. Beijing, 100081, P. R. C. References Available upon request. 三.便箋 從本質(zhì)上來講，便箋也屬于英文信函的一種，應(yīng)被包括在廣義的英文信函之中。我們之所以將其單列出來講，是為了區(qū)別于一般的英文信函。作為一種簡單的書信，便箋經(jīng)常用于熟識的朋友、同事之間，因而臨時(shí)性強(qiáng)，內(nèi)容簡短，格式簡便。 從格式上來講，便箋的稱呼和結(jié)尾謙稱部分是比較隨意的，可以直接寫上對方以及自己的名字，省略類似于Mr., Dear, Sincerely yours等的禮貌用語。日期的寫法也相對來說比較隨意，寫星期幾或者月日都是可以接受的，同時(shí)還可以寫上幾點(diǎn)鐘等具體時(shí)間。 便箋的內(nèi)容一般是涉及請假、預(yù)約、通知、訪友不遇留言、接電話留言等等，接下來我們就請假條和約會(huì)條作一個(gè)簡單介紹，其他類型的便箋考生可以根據(jù)我們介紹的這兩種便箋來舉一反三。 1． 請假條 請假條可以由別人代寫，也可以由請假人自己寫。無論采取何種形式，其內(nèi)容必須包括請假的緣由和期限，必要時(shí)還須附上醫(yī)生的診斷或其他的可以證明請假事由的書面材料。根據(jù)請假事由的不同，可將請假條分為事假條和病假條。下面給出三個(gè)以請假為內(nèi)容的便箋，前兩個(gè)為病假條，一個(gè)是請假者自己寫的，另一個(gè)是由別人代寫的；第三個(gè)為事假條。 例一： To Dean’s Office Dear Mr. Black: I am terribly sorry to inform you that I am unable to go to school today owing to a severe headache. I enclose a certificate from the doctor who is attending on me, as she fears it will be two days before I shall be able to resume my study. Could you kindly excuse my absence on Monday and Tuesday? Thanks. Peter Monday 例二： Miss Boffin, Please excuse Tom’s absence from school this morning. He caught a bad cold and had a high fever last night and could not fall asleep until midnight. I felt it would not be fair to the other children to allow her to attend school. So I am writing to ask you for three day’s sick leave and will let her resume her study if she feels better. Yours sincerely, Steven 例三： Mr. Zhang, I have just received a telegram saying that my father is seriously ill and urging me to go home at once. Because of this I would like to have a leave of two days beginning on August 26. I hope that my request will be given due consideration. Wang Ming August 25 Encl: A telegram from my home 2． 約會(huì)條 約會(huì)條主要用于邀朋友相聚等，內(nèi)容上必須包含約會(huì)的事由，如果已經(jīng)定了時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)，則應(yīng)將具體的時(shí)間地點(diǎn)寫在便箋上。 例： Andy, Fred is now with us. He is going to New York tomorrow morning to pursue his graduate study and we will not be able to see him for a long time. We are having a dinner party at 7 p.m. this evening at my home. It would be nice if you could come over and see him. Michael 四．備忘錄 備忘錄其實(shí)也是廣義的信函中的一種，主要用于公司內(nèi)部對公司的職員、部分通報(bào)信息，如會(huì)議安排、情況報(bào)告、問題處理等等。在英語中稱之為interoffice memorandum，其復(fù)數(shù)為memoranda，簡稱memo。除了可以采用書面形式之外，備忘錄也可以通過e-mail 發(fā)出。 備忘錄的一般格式如下： MEMORANDUM To: From: Date: Subject: Body 其中To項(xiàng)是收箋人，在其姓名前可以加上Mr., Mrs., Dr.等，在其姓名后可加上職位和部門。From項(xiàng)是發(fā)箋人，其姓名前一般不加尊稱，但姓名后同樣可加上職位和部門。Subject即內(nèi)容主題，一般用簡短的幾個(gè)字做簡略陳述，不需要是一個(gè)完整的句子，幾個(gè)詞或詞組即可。 Body即內(nèi)容是備忘錄的主要部分，寫作應(yīng)力求簡明、確切。首先應(yīng)直入主題，列出最重要的信息，然后可以具體說明事由、情況，提出意見和建議等，最后可以根據(jù)具體情況或重申主題或表示意愿或感謝。 需要指出的是，在備忘錄的末尾不需要簽名。但是，如果備忘錄還發(fā)給了收箋人以外的其他人，須在末尾cc: 之后寫上其姓名。請看下面的示例： Microsoft, Inc. Interoffice Memorandum To: Peter Clark, Rachel White From: Linda Larson Date: September 16, 2004 Subject: Scheduling the project meeting As you know, we are having the project meeting next week in the projection room. Since the room holds only fifty people comfortably without overcrowding. I suggest we hold the meeting to the forty-one people in the Assembly Section on Thursday at 2:00 p.m. and to the remaining forty-three from the other sections on Friday at the same time. If there’s any problem about this arrangement, please let me know. 擇用后置的介詞短語。兩個(gè)賓語區(qū)可分別表達(dá)為：the law of development of organic nature和the law of development of human history。 最后成句，Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, Marx discovered the law of development of層中文意思，但是不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，三層意思所描寫的是同一個(gè)對象，是“科學(xué)家、工程師和高級職員們”。所以，完全可以用并列結(jié)構(gòu)或者復(fù)合句結(jié)構(gòu)將這三層意思寫在一個(gè)句子里。 第二步，安排語序。這句話的主語就是“科學(xué)家、工程師和高級職員們”，三層意思當(dāng)然可以用三個(gè)并列分句來表達(dá)，可以用一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。那么可以表達(dá)為“科學(xué)家、工程師和高級職員們習(xí)慣于掙高工資，享有中上層社會(huì)地位，但是他們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己已經(jīng)找不到工作了”。但是，這樣一個(gè)表達(dá)法雖然表達(dá)出來了中文意思，但是顯得非常平淡。如果把其中的幾層意思用一個(gè)定語從句來表達(dá)，整個(gè)句子就會(huì)更有層次感，更加緊湊。因此，可以將“習(xí)慣于掙高工資”和“享有中上層社會(huì)地位”用一個(gè)定語從句來表達(dá)作為主語的修飾語；謂語是“發(fā)現(xiàn)”，賓語區(qū)表達(dá)“自己已經(jīng)找不到工作了”的意思。 第三步，局部潤色和修改。根據(jù)上面的構(gòu)思，主語區(qū)的中心詞即為scientists, engineers, and executives。后面跟一個(gè)定語從句來作修飾語，其中的“習(xí)慣于”可以選用一個(gè)介詞短語be accustomed to，為了結(jié)構(gòu)的緊湊“享有”這個(gè)意思也可以一并用這個(gè)短語來表達(dá)，即習(xí)慣于高工資和中上層社會(huì)地位的科學(xué)家、工程師和高級職員們。整個(gè)主語區(qū)就寫為：scientists, engineers and executives who had been accustomed to high incomes and upper middle class status。謂語用動(dòng)詞find即可，賓語區(qū)可以用一個(gè)從句即that they were difficult to find jobs。那么整句話可以寫為：Scientists, engineers and executives who had been accustomed to high incomes and upper middle class status have found that they were difficult to find jobs。句子寫成這樣，應(yīng)該說已經(jīng)可以了，但為了精益求精，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)賓語區(qū)還可以再精練一點(diǎn)。因?yàn)閒ind這個(gè)詞有一種方法，即find sb.＋分詞或形容詞，賓語區(qū)可以緊縮為themselves unemployed。 最后成句，Scientists, engineers, and executives who had been accustomed to high incomes and upper-middle class status have found themselves unemployed。 10．研究表明，超過百分之八十的那些確實(shí)想把煙戒掉的人都無法成功。即便是通過特殊的醫(yī)療手段也沒有用。 第一步，明確要表達(dá)的思想。上述兩層意思描述的都是戒煙，因此可以通過從句或者短語等修飾語，將它們放在一句話里面。 第二步，安排語序。這句話的大主語是“研究”，謂語是“表明”，主句非常簡單，難點(diǎn)在從句。從句的主語就是“人”，“超過百分之八十的”和“想把煙戒掉的”都是主語的修飾語，放在主語區(qū)就可以。至于兩個(gè)修飾語之間的語序，由于“想把煙戒掉的”肯定要用一個(gè)從句來表達(dá)，放在主語中心詞的后面，因此不成問題。謂語是“無法成功”，用fail to do so即可，比較簡單。至于“即便是通過特殊的醫(yī)療手段”可以用從句或短語的形式放在句末。 第三步，局部潤色和修改。這句話的主句很簡單，用Studies have shown…就可以了。從句的主語區(qū)比較復(fù)雜，主要是兩個(gè)修飾語的寫法，超過百分之八十用一個(gè)表示比率的前置定語即可，即more than eighty percent of the people?！澳切┐_實(shí)想把煙戒掉的”就要用定語從句了，可以說who really want to stop smoking。然后最后加上一個(gè)表讓步意思的短語，即even through special clinics。那么初步可以寫出這樣一個(gè)句子：Studies have shown that more than eighty percent of the people who really want to stop smoking fail to do so, even through special clinics。 這個(gè)句子本來已經(jīng)寫得不錯(cuò)了，但為了讓它顯得更加漂亮，還可以在局部再下一點(diǎn)功夫。例如，定語從句“確實(shí)想把煙戒掉的”部分可以更加生動(dòng)一點(diǎn)，中間用一個(gè)短語表達(dá)“真正經(jīng)過努力想要戒煙的”這樣一個(gè)意思，即who make sincere efforts to stop smoking。 52．總的來說，得出這樣一個(gè)結(jié)論是有一定程度把握的，但是必須具備兩個(gè)條件：能夠假定這個(gè)孩子對測試的態(tài)度和與他相比的另一個(gè)孩子的態(tài)度相同；他也沒有因缺乏別的孩子已掌握的有關(guān)知識而被扣分。 譯文：On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed. ?。ㄔ闹袃蓚€(gè)only if引導(dǎo)的從句顯然使整個(gè)句子變得很復(fù)雜，可是由于有并列連詞but和and，整句話的邏輯關(guān)系十分清楚：…能夠得出結(jié)論…但是只要…而且只要…。從上面的譯文我們可以看出，為了使中文表達(dá)更加清楚，but only if...and only if...被首先提綱摯領(lǐng)地先來了個(gè)介紹：但是必須具備兩個(gè)條件……，這種做法給我們的感覺是譯文中沒有從句，有的只是一些不同的分句。） 53．你們都多次聽說過，科學(xué)家是用歸納法和演繹法工作的，而且從某種意義上來說，他們依靠這種方法力求從自然界歸納出某些自然規(guī)律，然后根據(jù)這些規(guī)律，用自己的某種非同一般的本領(lǐng)，建立起他們的理論。" 譯文：You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories. 72．但是如果機(jī)器人要進(jìn)入應(yīng)用于節(jié)省勞力的下一個(gè)階段，它們必須能夠在更少的人工監(jiān)控下運(yùn)行，并且至少能夠獨(dú)立地作一些決定——這些目標(biāo)給我們提出了一個(gè)真正的挑戰(zhàn)。 譯文：But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves--goals that -- a real challenge. 80．從整體來說，雖然鐵路工業(yè)有耀眼的資產(chǎn)，但它的收入仍然不足以支付為滿足不斷增長的運(yùn)輸需要而進(jìn)行的固定資產(chǎn)投資。 譯文：The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. |
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