sudo的工作過程如下: 1,當(dāng)用戶執(zhí)行sudo時(shí),系統(tǒng)會(huì)主動(dòng)尋找/etc/sudoers文件,判斷該用戶是否有執(zhí)行sudo的權(quán)限 2,確認(rèn)用戶具有可執(zhí)行sudo的權(quán)限后,讓用戶輸入用戶自己的密碼確認(rèn) 3,若密碼輸入成功,則開始執(zhí)行sudo后續(xù)的命令 4,root執(zhí)行sudo時(shí)不需要輸入密碼(eudoers文件中有配置root ALL=(ALL) ALL這樣一條規(guī)則) 5,若欲切換的身份與執(zhí)行者的身份相同,也不需要輸入密碼 visudo使用vi打開/etc/sudoers文件,但是在保存退出時(shí),visudo會(huì)檢查內(nèi)部語法,避免用戶輸入錯(cuò)誤信息 visudo需要root權(quán)限 - [hadoop@localhost ~]$ visudo
- visudo:/etc/sudoers:權(quán)限不夠
- visudo:/etc/sudoers:權(quán)限不夠
使用visudo命令打開sudo配置文件 - ## Sudoers allows particular users to run various commands as
- ## the root user, without needing the root password.
- ## 該文件允許特定用戶像root用戶一樣使用各種各樣的命令,而不需要root用戶的密碼
- ##
- ## Examples are provided at the bottom of the file for collections
- ## of related commands, which can then be delegated out to particular
- ## users or groups.
- ## 在文件的底部提供了很多相關(guān)命令的示例以供選擇,這些示例都可以被特定用戶或
- ## 用戶組所使用
- ##
- ## This file must be edited with the 'visudo' command.
- ## 該文件必須使用"visudo"命令編輯
-
- ## Host Aliases
- ## Groups of machines. You may prefer to use hostnames (perhaps using
- ## wildcards for entire domains) or IP addresses instead.
- ## 對(duì)于一組服務(wù)器,你可能會(huì)更喜歡使用主機(jī)名(可能是全域名的通配符)
- ## 、或IP地址,這時(shí)可以配置主機(jī)別名
- # Host_Alias FILESERVERS = fs1, fs2
- # Host_Alias MAILSERVERS = smtp, smtp2
-
- ## User Aliases
- ## These aren't often necessary, as you can use regular groups
- ## (ie, from files, LDAP, NIS, etc) in this file - just use %groupname
- ## rather than USERALIAS
- ## 這并不很常用,因?yàn)槟憧梢酝ㄟ^使用組來代替一組用戶的別名
- # User_Alias ADMINS = jsmith, mikem
-
- ## Command Aliases
- ## These are groups of related commands...
- ## 指定一系列相互關(guān)聯(lián)的命令(當(dāng)然可以是一個(gè))的別名,通過賦予該別名sudo權(quán)限,
- ## 可以通過sudo調(diào)用所有別名包含的命令,下面是一些示例
-
- ## Networking 網(wǎng)絡(luò)操作相關(guān)命令別名
- # Cmnd_Alias NETWORKING = /sbin/route, /sbin/ifconfig, /bin/ping, /sbin/dhclient
- , /usr/bin/net, /sbin/iptables, /usr/bin/rfcomm, /usr/bin/wvdial, /sbin/iwconfig
- , /sbin/mii-tool
-
- ## Installation and management of software 軟件安裝管理相關(guān)命令別名
- # Cmnd_Alias SOFTWARE = /bin/rpm, /usr/bin/up2date, /usr/bin/yum
-
- ## Services 服務(wù)相關(guān)命令別名
- # Cmnd_Alias SERVICES = /sbin/service, /sbin/chkconfig
-
- ## Updating the locate database 本地?cái)?shù)據(jù)庫(kù)升級(jí)命令別名
- # Cmnd_Alias LOCATE = /usr/bin/updatedb
-
- ## Storage 磁盤操作相關(guān)命令別名
- # Cmnd_Alias STORAGE = /sbin/fdisk, /sbin/sfdisk, /sbin/parted, /sbin/partprobe
- , /bin/mount, /bin/umount
-
- ## Delegating permissions 代理權(quán)限相關(guān)命令別名
- # Cmnd_Alias DELEGATING = /usr/sbin/visudo, /bin/chown, /bin/chmod, /bin/chgrp
-
- ## Processes 進(jìn)程相關(guān)命令別名
- # Cmnd_Alias PROCESSES = /bin/nice, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/kill, /usr/bin/killall
-
- ## Drivers 驅(qū)動(dòng)命令別名
- # Cmnd_Alias DRIVERS = /sbin/modprobe
-
- # Defaults specification
-
- #
- # Disable "ssh hostname sudo <cmd>", because it will show the password in clear.
- # You have to run "ssh -t hostname sudo <cmd>".
- # 一些環(huán)境變量的相關(guān)配置,具體情況可見man soduers
- Defaults requiretty
-
- Defaults env_reset
- Defaults env_keep = "COLORS DISPLAY HOSTNAME HISTSIZE INPUTRC KDEDIR LS_COLORS"
- Defaults env_keep += "MAIL PS1 PS2 QTDIR USERNAME LANG LC_ADDRESS LC_CTYPE"
- Defaults env_keep += "LC_COLLATE LC_IDENTIFICATION LC_MEASUREMENT LC_MESSAGES"
- Defaults env_keep += "LC_MONETARY LC_NAME LC_NUMERIC LC_PAPER LC_TELEPHONE"
- Defaults env_keep += "LC_TIME LC_ALL LANGUAGE LINGUAS _XKB_CHARSET XAUTHORITY"
-
- Defaults secure_path = /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
-
- ## Next comes the main part: which users can run what software on
- ## which machines (the sudoers file can be shared between multiple
- ## systems).
- ## 下面是規(guī)則配置:什么用戶在哪臺(tái)服務(wù)器上可以執(zhí)行哪些命令(sudoers文件可以在多個(gè)系統(tǒng)上共享)
- ## Syntax(語法):
- ##
- ## user MACHINE=COMMANDS 用戶 登錄的主機(jī)=(可以變換的身份) 可以執(zhí)行的命令
- ##
- ## The COMMANDS section may have other options added to it.
- ## 命令部分可以附帶一些其它的選項(xiàng)
- ##
- ## Allow root to run any commands anywhere
- ## 允許root用戶執(zhí)行任意路徑下的任意命令
- root ALL=(ALL) ALL
-
- ## Allows members of the 'sys' group to run networking, software,
- ## service management apps and more.
- ## 允許sys中戶組中的用戶使用NETWORKING等所有別名中配置的命令
- # %sys ALL = NETWORKING, SOFTWARE, SERVICES, STORAGE, DELEGATING, PROCESSES, LOCATE
- , DRIVERS
-
- ## Allows people in group wheel to run all commands
- ## 允許wheel用戶組中的用戶執(zhí)行所有命令
- %wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL
-
- ## Same thing without a password
- ## 允許wheel用戶組中的用戶在不輸入該用戶的密碼的情況下使用所有命令
- # %wheel ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
-
- ## Allows members of the users group to mount and unmount the
- ## cdrom as root
- ## 允許users用戶組中的用戶像root用戶一樣使用mount、unmount、chrom命令
- # %users ALL=/sbin/mount /mnt/cdrom, /sbin/umount /mnt/cdrom
-
- ## Allows members of the users group to shutdown this system
- ## 允許users用戶組中的用戶關(guān)閉localhost這臺(tái)服務(wù)器
- # %users localhost=/sbin/shutdown -h now
-
- ## Read drop-in files from /etc/sudoers.d (the # here does not mean a comment)
- ## 讀取放置在/etc/sudoers.d/文件夾中的文件(此處的#不意味著這是一個(gè)聲明)
- #includedir /etc/sudoers.d
特別要注意的是別名一定要使用大寫
|