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第十節(jié) 虛擬語(yǔ)氣是說(shuō)話人為表示一種假設(shè)的情況或一種主觀的愿望，即認(rèn)為動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)并非事實(shí)或主觀設(shè)想時(shí)所用的語(yǔ)氣。 虛擬語(yǔ)氣的形式與用法： 1．有一類虛擬語(yǔ)氣的形式稱為be型虛擬式，即不管主語(yǔ)是什么人稱，動(dòng)詞一律用原形(或should+動(dòng)詞原形)。 以下幾種情況必須用be型虛擬式： 1)一些表示命令，要求，決定，建議等概念的動(dòng)詞后由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中，必須用be型虛擬式。這類動(dòng)詞有：ask (要求)，advise(建議)，command (命令)，decide (決定)，demand (命令)，insist (堅(jiān)持)，move (提議)，order (命令)，propose (提議)，recommend (建議)，request (要求)，require (要求)，suggest (建議)，urge (極力主張)。例如： 1.We strongly suggest that he (should) be told about it earlier． 2.The doctor insisted that his patient take it easy for three months． 3.I require that they come by ten． 4.I recommended that each competitor receive $100． 5.The judge ordered that the witness tell the truth． 2)一些表示主張、要求、命令、愿望、建議等概念后的主語(yǔ)從句中，必須用be型虛擬式。此類詞主要有： It is necessary, essential (重要的)，advisable(應(yīng)該的)，appropriate(合適的)，desirable (值得的)，fitting (合適的)，important (重要的),imperative (必須的)，obligatory (必須的)，proper (適當(dāng)?shù)?，strange (奇怪的)，urgent (緊要的)，vital (極重要的) that…； It is (was, has been) suggested (decided，desired，ordered，proposed，requested) 1.It is highly desirable that a new president be appointed． 2.It is important that everybody have his health checked yearly． 3.I think it advisable that he leave soon. 4.It is decided that you be the first one to do the experiment． 3)一些表示主張、要求、命令等概念的名詞后面由that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句中，通常用be型虛擬式。這類詞主要有：advice，command，importance，idea，insistence，motion (提議)，necessity，order，plan，proposal (建議)，recommendation (建議)，request，requirement, resolution (決議)，suggestion，understanding (協(xié)議)。例如： My suggestion is that he be sent to help this group． 4) 在lest，for fear that或in case表示“生怕，以防萬(wàn)一，免得”引導(dǎo)的從句中，從句常常用should。例如： 1.He studied day and night，lest he should fail in the test． 2.We dare not play jokes on him for fear that he should become angry． 3.Be quiet in case you should wake the baby． 5)某些表示祝愿、詛咒、禁止等的語(yǔ)句中用be型虛擬式。例如： God bless you! God damn you! Long live Chairman Mao! Heaven forbid! 2．下列兩種句型，從句總是用一般過(guò)去式表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 1) It is (high) time that (該做……，必須做……)，叢句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如： It is time that he went to bed now． It is high time that this wrong spending was checked． 2) would rather, would sooner, had rather這些表示“寧愿”的短語(yǔ)后面的從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。例如： Don't come today．1 would rather you came tomorrow． He had rather his children didn’t make so much noise． I would sooner we had dinner now． 3．If引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣用法 If引導(dǎo)的從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣主要有三種結(jié)構(gòu)： 1)與現(xiàn)在情況相反：主句謂語(yǔ)用“would／could／might +動(dòng)詞原形”，從句謂浯用“動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去式”(be的過(guò)去式一律用were)。例如： If I had time，I would go with you． If I were you，I might refuse the engagement． 2)與過(guò)去情況相反：主句謂語(yǔ)用"would／could + havedone'’，從句渭語(yǔ)用“動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成式”。例如： If I hadn’t lost my way，I would have caught the last train． They would have arrived earlier if there had been no storm． 3) 與將來(lái)情況相反：主句謂語(yǔ)用"would／could／might +動(dòng)詞原形”，從句謂語(yǔ)用"were to／should+動(dòng)詞原形”。例如： If you were to see Mary，what would you tell her? If I were to do it，I would do it in a different way． If it should rain tomorrow，I would stay at home． 4) 省略if的虛擬語(yǔ)氣句。 虛擬條件從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果是were，should，had等詞時(shí)，可以省略連詞if, 但必須將were，should，had等詞移至主浯前形成句子倒裝。例如： Had he been given some information about it, he could have answered the question． Were you to get up earlier，you wouldn’t be late． 4．Wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣用法 動(dòng)詞wish后跟由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句(that經(jīng)常被省略)要用虛擬浯氣表示一種不可實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。 1)賓語(yǔ)從句用過(guò)去式表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。例如： I wish I had enough time to finish my homework today． My brother is in Europe on vacation，but I wish he were here with me． 2)賓浯從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反。例如： I wish 1 had gone to the movies with you last night． I wish Professor Lee had taught me this equation． 3)賓語(yǔ)從句用“would/could +動(dòng)詞原型”表示一種愿望或要求。例如：I wish that you would come next time． She wishes that you could stay here longer． 5．由as if／as though引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句表示方式時(shí)，意思是“好像”，這時(shí)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 1) He treats me as if I were a stranger． 2)狀語(yǔ)從句用過(guò)去完成式表示與過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反。例如： He talked as if he had been to Australia. 6.介詞或介詞短語(yǔ)表示虛擬：有時(shí)假設(shè)的情況并不以條件從句表示出來(lái)，而是通過(guò)一個(gè)介詞或介詞短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示，或通過(guò)上下文表示出來(lái)。如but for，but that，with，without，otherwise，on condition (that)，in case of，supposing，on the understanding that等表示讓步假設(shè)。例如： If I hadn’t got your help，I wouldn't have found my present job． = Without your help，I wouldn't have found my present job． = But for your help，1 wouldn't have found my present job． = But that you helped me，I wouldn't have found my present job． 7. 錯(cuò)綜虛擬條件句：一般來(lái)說(shuō)，主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式應(yīng)前后呼應(yīng)。但是有時(shí)主句和從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式應(yīng)作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整，如：從句用過(guò)去虛擬語(yǔ)氣，主句用現(xiàn)在虛擬語(yǔ)氣(通?？梢愿鶕?jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)而定)。 1.Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public，our company would not be so thriving as it is． 2.If Paul had receivd six more votes in the last election，he would be our chairman now． 3.If you had studied the problem carefully yesterday，you would not find any difficulty now. 8．此外，還有省略了結(jié)果主句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣if only結(jié)構(gòu)，一般表示愿望。if only從句中的時(shí)態(tài)有三種：V+ed；be用were；情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用could／would／might+v。例如： If only he saw me now! If only she had not been married! If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into |
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來(lái)自： 許愿真 > 《初中語(yǔ)法》
