2013屆新課標(biāo)高考英語精華知識(shí)點(diǎn)終極解密 專題09 名詞性從句 由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成的句子叫復(fù)合句。名詞性從句在復(fù)合句中起名詞的作用,它包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句四大類,在句中分別用作主語、賓語、表語和同位語。 一、 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞 A.that 連詞that本身沒有意義,在從句中不擔(dān)任任何句子成分,在賓語從句中有時(shí)可省略。 I hear (that) he has joined the football club. 我聽說他已經(jīng)加入了足球俱樂部。 That light travels in straight line is known to all. 眾所周知,光是以直線傳播的。 It so happens that I know the man. 碰巧我認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)。 Is it certain that they will win 他們一定會(huì)贏嗎 B.whether和if 連詞whether和if本身有意義(解釋是否),在從句中不可省略。 1.whether可以連接所有的名詞性從句,而if只能引導(dǎo)賓語從句。 I didn't know whether he would attend the concert. 我并不知道他是否參加音樂會(huì)。(賓語從句,可用if代替whether) The question is whether it s worth trying. 問題是值不值得試一試。(表語從句,不可用if代替whether) Whether she comes or not makes no difference. 她來不來都沒有關(guān)系。(主語從句,不可用if代替whether) He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必須回答他是否同意此事這樣一個(gè)問題。(同位語從句,不可用if代替whether) 2.whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可作介的賓語,而if則不能。 It all depends on whether they will support us. 這完全取決于他們是否支持我們。(不用if) Ryan was worrying about whether he had hurt her feelings. 瑞恩擔(dān)心是否傷害了她的感情。 3.if既可引導(dǎo)語從句,也可引導(dǎo)賓語從句。如果用if會(huì)引起歧義,應(yīng)避免使用if,而用whether。 Please let me know if you want to join us. 請告訴我你是否想加入我們。(if引導(dǎo)的從句可被看成是賓語從句,if表示是否) Please let me know if you want to join us. 如果你想加入我們的話,請告訴我一聲。(if引導(dǎo)的從句可被看成是條件狀語從句,if表示如果) Please let me know whether you want t join us. 請告訴我你是否想加入我們。(為避免引起歧義,可用whether表示是否) C.who, whom, whose, what, which 連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which等在從句中既起連接作用,同時(shí)又擔(dān)當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語、表語等成分。 No one knows who he was waiting for. 沒人知道他當(dāng)時(shí)在等誰。 We are worrying about what we should do next. 我們正在為下一步該怎么辦而煩惱。 Tell me whos house it is. 告訴我這是誰的家。 Let me know which train you will be arriving on. 告訴我你將乘哪列火車到達(dá)。 D.where, when, how, why 連接副詞where, when, how, why等在從句中既是連接詞,又作狀語。 I don't know where we are going to have the meeting.我不知道我們將在哪兒開會(huì)。 She always thinks of how shecan work well. 她總是在想怎樣能把工作做好。 What I am anxious to know is when we can visit the museum. 我急于知道我們什么時(shí)候能參觀博物館。 比較: when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句和名詞性從句中的不同時(shí)態(tài)。 Please lt me know when you arrive. 你到的時(shí)候,請告訴我一聲。(when引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語從句,從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)來表示將來。) Please let me know when you will arrive. 請告訴我你什么時(shí)候到。(when引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句,從句中用一般將來時(shí)。) E.whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever, whosever 連接代詞whoever = anyone who任何人, 無論誰;whatever =anything that凡是...,無論什么;whichever = anything that無論那一個(gè), 任何一個(gè);whomever = anyone whom (whoever的賓格形式)。 Whoever comes to the club is welcome. 不論誰來參加這個(gè)俱樂部都?xì)g迎。 Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well.凡是值得做的就值得做好。 They ate whatever they could find o the deserted island. 他們在荒島找到什么就吃什么。 You may do whatever you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。 I'll take whichever book interests me.我愿買任何讓我感興趣的書。 Whosever book is overdue will be fined. 不管誰的書過期未還都要被罰款。 比較: 連接代詞whoever在賓語從句中作主語,whomever作賓語從句中賓語。 You may offer he book to whoever wants it. 你可把這本書給任何想要的人。(此句中不能使用whomever,因?yàn)閣hoever在賓語從句中作wants it的主語) You may offer the book to whomever you like.你可把這本書給任何你喜歡的人。(whomever在賓語從句中作you like的賓語) 二、賓語從句 在復(fù)合句中用作動(dòng)詞賓語或介詞賓語的從句叫賓語從句。 A. 作動(dòng)詞賓語 He told us(that)he felt ill. 他對(duì)我們說他感到不舒服。 Do you know whose dictionary it is 你知道這是誰的字典? He has informed me when they are to discuss the work plan. 他已經(jīng)通知我他們將什么時(shí)候討論工作計(jì)劃 Give a reading list to whoever comes. 給所有來的人一份閱讀書目。 注意: doubt(懷疑)的肯定句接ifwhether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,但否定句和疑問句接that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。 I doubt whether if he will succeed. 我懷疑他是否會(huì)成功。 I do not doubt that he can recite the poem. 我相信他能把這首詩背下來。 Do you doubt that he will win 你不相信會(huì)獲勝嗎 B.作介詞的賓語 He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day. 他對(duì)那天發(fā)生的事感到很不快。 I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要說什么。 Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it. 你是否成功將主要取決于你做什么和怎樣做。 They were praised or criticizd according to how they had done their work. 他們受表揚(yáng)還是受批評(píng)是根據(jù)他們工作好壞而定。 He goes to the library every day except when it is raining. 除了天下雨外,他每天都去圖書館。 注意: that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句只用在少數(shù)介詞后,如:except, in, but等。此時(shí),that不能省略。 I know little about him except that he lives downstais. 我對(duì)他知之甚少,只知道他住在樓下。 He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading. 他和他的同學(xué)們不同的地方在于他把業(yè)余時(shí)間用在閱讀上。 C. 作形容詞的賓語 I am not sure what I ought to do. 我不能確定我該做什么。 I'm afraid (that) you don't understand what I said. 恐怕你沒領(lǐng)會(huì)我說的意思。 I'm suprised (that) I didn't see all that before. 我好奇怪,我以前沒見過那一切。 D. 用it作形式賓語的情況 1.和it作形式主語一樣,我們常用it來作形式賓語,把真正的賓語從句放在句末,這種情況尤其出現(xiàn)在帶復(fù)合賓語的句子中。 We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday. 我們認(rèn)為小王昨天沒來是奇怪的。 He has made it clear that he will not give n. 他已表明他不會(huì)屈服。 2.由于that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句一般不可以直接作介詞的賓語,因此當(dāng)介詞后面需要用that從句作賓語時(shí),必須使用it作形式賓語。 You may depend on it that I shall always support you. 你可以放心我會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)支持你的。 I'll see to it that your problem will be dealt with immediately. 我保證你的問題會(huì)立即得到處理的。 3.在take, hide, see to, insit on, depend on等動(dòng)詞以及一些表示愛好的動(dòng)詞(enjoy, hate, like, love, don't mind, resent 等)之后,形式賓語it可直接跟賓語從句。 I take it that he's not interested in the book. 我猜想他對(duì)這本書不感興趣。 She hid it that she was married. 她隱瞞了她已婚的事實(shí)。 I don't like it when you look at me like that! 我不喜歡那樣看我。 4. it不能作由連接代詞 whoever, whomever, whosever, whatever, whichever引導(dǎo)的賓語從句的形式賓語。 You may do whatever you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。 I'll take whichever book interests me.我愿買任何讓我感興趣的書。 We are ready to offer help to whoever needs it. 我們樂意幫助任何需要幫助的人。 E.賓語從句的語序 和其他詞性從句一樣,賓語從句必須使用陳述語序,不能用疑問語序。 How can I get to the station Can you tell me →Can you tell me how I can get to the station 你能告訴我怎樣去車站嗎? What does he like I wonder? →I wonder what he likes. 我想知道他喜歡什么。 Where were you born He asked?→He asked me where I was born. 他問我出生的地方。 比較: He asked me what was the matter. 他問我出了什么事。(the matter = wrong) He asked me what the matter was. 他問我那是什么物質(zhì)。 F.賓語從句中的時(shí)態(tài) 1.在一般情況下,賓語從句中時(shí)態(tài)要和主句相一致,尤其是主句為過去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)。 He said that he had lived in Beijing since liberatin. 他說自解放以來他一直住在北京。 He made it quite clear that he preferred to learn English. 他明確地說他更喜歡學(xué)英語。 2.有時(shí),賓語從句中時(shí)態(tài)也可以和主句不一致。 You can't imagine how they were excited when they won the first place in the game.你無法想象他們獲得比賽第一名時(shí)是多么的興奮。 Can you make sure where you have pu the gold ring 你能確定你把金戒指放哪兒了嗎? 3.客觀真理和自然規(guī)律的內(nèi)容在賓語從句中時(shí)態(tài)保持不變。 Mike asked whether the earth moves around the sun. 邁克問地球是否繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。 Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥倫布證明了地球是圓的。 G.關(guān)于that的省略 一般情況下,賓語從句中的that是可以省略的。但在下列幾種情況下,that一般不可省略。 1.介詞后面的that不能省。 Pter is a good student except that he is sometimes careless.彼得是好學(xué)生,只是有時(shí)粗心。 2.并列連詞and連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上賓語從句,and前面的that可以省略, and的后面的that不能省略。 Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened. 大家都會(huì)看出所發(fā)生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。 My uncle says (that) he has servd here for twenty years and that he is going to retire next month. 我叔叔說他在這兒工作已二十年了,下個(gè)月即將退休。 3.that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句位于句首時(shí),that不可省略。 That he ever said such a thing I simply don't believe. 我簡直不相信他曾說過這樣的話。 4.主句謂語動(dòng)詞與that從句之間有插入語,that不可省略。 He said that, if he could manag it, he would come for dinner. 他說,如果他安排得好的話,他會(huì)來吃晚飯的。 5.賓語從句中有其他從屬連詞時(shí),that不能省略。 He told me that if it was necessary they would work all night. 他告訴我,如果需要的話,他們就干個(gè)通宵。 H.賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移 在think, consider, believe, suppose, expect, fancy等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句,如有否定意思,一般要把否定詞前移到主句的語上,從句的謂語用肯定的形式。 I don't think he can do it better than me. 我想他不會(huì)干得比我好。 I don't believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他們還未完成他們的工作。 I don't suppose he cares, does he 我想他不會(huì)在意的,是嗎? 提示: 在下列情況下,賓語從句不否定轉(zhuǎn)移: 1.think等詞前有副詞和表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的do I really expect he wont fail the examination. 我真希望他不會(huì)不通過考試。 I do think that he is not fair. 我確實(shí)認(rèn)為他是不公正的。 2.think等詞和其他詞構(gòu)成并列謂語 I think and hope that he won't cheat at cards. 我想,也希望他打牌不會(huì)作弊的。 3.think等詞作為插入語 His decision is not wise, I think. 我覺得他的決定并不明智。 I.使用虛擬語氣的賓語從句 1.在suggest insist, order, demand, request, require, command, propose, desire等表示建議、命令、要求、欲望動(dòng)詞后面的賓語從句中,用虛擬語氣,即should +動(dòng)詞原形,should常被省略。 He suggested that we should have a further discussion about the final decision. 他建議我們對(duì)最后的決定作進(jìn)一步討論。 She insisted that they should sow her their passports. 她堅(jiān)決要求他們向她出示護(hù)照。 2.在wish后面的賓語從句中需要用虛擬語氣,表示與事實(shí)相反或難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。 How I wish I had learned more! 我多么希望我以前多學(xué)一些?。?br> He wishes he would have another chance to go abroad. 他希望能再有一次出國的機(jī)會(huì)。 J.含有賓語從句復(fù)合句的反意疑問句 ①反意疑問句一般與主句一致。 He said they were going to help me, didn't he? 他說過他們要幫我,不是嗎? She told you that the mat was her own work, didn't she 她告訴過你這個(gè)墊子是她親自做的,是嗎? ②當(dāng)主句的主語為第一人稱,謂語動(dòng)詞是think, believe, consider, imagine, suppose, hope 等詞時(shí),反意疑問句應(yīng)與賓語從句保持一致。這時(shí)特別要注意否定轉(zhuǎn)移的問題。 I supposeyou're serious, aren't you 我想你是當(dāng)真的,不是嗎?(不可用don't I) I don't suppose he's serious, is he 我想他不是當(dāng)真的,是嗎? (不可用do I) 提示: 如果主語是第二、第三人稱,則疑問句部分與主句一致,且不存在否定轉(zhuǎn)移的問題。 You don't think we can speak English, do you 你認(rèn)為我們不會(huì)說英語,對(duì)嗎? He thinks he's got the right answer,doesn't he 他認(rèn)為自己找到了正確的答案,是嗎? 三、 表語從句 表語從句放在連系動(dòng)詞之后,充當(dāng)復(fù)合句中的表語。 A.可接表語從句的連系動(dòng)詞 可接表語從句的連系動(dòng)詞有be, look, seem, sound, appear等。 China is no longer what she used to be. 今日的中國不再是過去的中國了。 The question remains whether they will be able to help us. 問題還是他們能否幫我們。 Itappears that he has a taste for music.看來他對(duì)音樂有一定的鑒賞力. At that time, it seemed as if I couldn' t think of the right word anyhow. 當(dāng)時(shí),我似乎怎么也想不出一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)淖盅蹃怼?/p> B.a(chǎn)s, as ifthough引導(dǎo)的表語從句 He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起來還與十年前一樣。 It sounds as ifsomeone is knocking at the door. 聽起來好像有人在敲門。 C.because, why引導(dǎo)的表語從句 I think it is because you are talking too much. 我想這是因?yàn)槟阍捳f得太多。 That's because he didn't understand me. 那是因?yàn)樗麤]有理解我。(That's because ? 強(qiáng)調(diào)原因) That's why he got angry with me. 那正是他對(duì)我生氣的原因。(Tha's why ? 強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果) 注意 what引導(dǎo)的主語從句表示結(jié)果或名詞reason作主語時(shí),后面的表語從句表示原因時(shí)要用that引導(dǎo),一般不宜用because。 The reason why I was sad was that he didn't understand me. 我難過的原因是他沒有理解我。 What cost him his life was that he was too careless. 使他喪命的原因是他太粗心了。 D.使用虛擬語氣的表語從句 在表示建議、勸告、命令含義的名詞后的表語從句,謂語動(dòng)詞需用should+動(dòng)詞原形表示,should可省略。常見的詞有:advice, suggestion, order, proposal, insistence, plan, idea等。 My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建議是我們明天一早就出發(fā)。 His proposal was that they (should ) challenge the other classes to afriendly competition. 他的提議是挑戰(zhàn)別的班級(jí)進(jìn)行一場友誼競賽。 四、 同位語從句 同位語從句用于對(duì)前面的名詞作進(jìn)一步解釋,說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位語從句一般由that引導(dǎo),但也可以由whether 以及連接代詞和連接副詞引導(dǎo)。 A.同位語從句一般跟在名詞fact, hope, idea, news, doubt, suggestion, information, opinion, decision, discovery, truth, promise, statement, problem, rule等的面。 They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 對(duì)你生病這件事,他們都很焦慮。 Where did you get the idea that I could not come 你在哪兒聽說我不能來? I have no idea whether he'll come or not. 我不知道他是否來。 We haven't yet settled the question where we are going t spend our summer vacation. 到哪兒去度暑假,這個(gè)問題我們還沒有決定。 It is a question how he did it. 那是一個(gè)他如何做了此事的問題。 There is no doubt that we will win. 毫無疑問我們會(huì)贏的。 注意: 當(dāng)含有同位語從句的主句謂語部分過短時(shí),可以把謂語動(dòng)詞提前,使同位語從句與名詞隔開,以避免頭重腳輕的現(xiàn)象。 Word came that Mr President would come and inspect ourschool himself. 有消息說總統(tǒng)先生將親自來視察我們學(xué)校。 B.使用虛擬語氣的同位語從句 在一些表示建議、命令、要求的名詞后的同位語從句中,謂語動(dòng)詞用should+動(dòng)詞原形表示,should可省略。 This is our only request that this (hould) be settled as soon as possible. 盡快解決這個(gè)問題,這是我們唯一的請求。 He made the suggestion that we go by train. 他建議我們坐火車去。
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