句型 1.定語(yǔ)從句中缺主語(yǔ),修飾人時(shí)用who /that,修飾物時(shí)用which /that引導(dǎo)。如: 2.從句中缺賓語(yǔ),修飾人時(shí)用 who /whom /that或省略引導(dǎo)詞;修飾物時(shí)用which /that或省略引導(dǎo)詞 3.從句中缺時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),用when或介詞+which引導(dǎo) 4.從句中缺地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),用where或介詞+which引導(dǎo) 5.從句中缺原因狀語(yǔ)或先行詞是 reason時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞用why /for which / that 6.從句中缺定語(yǔ),人和物都用 whose引導(dǎo) 7.當(dāng)先行詞是way時(shí),其定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞用in which /that。 引導(dǎo)詞as可引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句,也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。 1.當(dāng)先行詞是整個(gè)主句時(shí),可用 as /which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)詞as和which的區(qū)別在于 ①as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句可放于主句前、主句中、主句后,而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句一般放于主句后或句中。 ②as常與從句中的know,see, hear,expect等動(dòng)詞連用,也常用于as often happens,as is often the case(常有的事)等句子中;而which一般不用于以上情況。 ③as有“正如”的含義,which沒(méi)有此含義 先行詞是物時(shí),其引導(dǎo)詞可用 which也可用that,通常情況下二者可互換,但在有些情況下不能。 1.用which不用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的三種情況: ①在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),和在介詞后不能用that,應(yīng)用which ②先行詞為that時(shí),為了避免重復(fù),定語(yǔ)從句用which不用that引導(dǎo) ③介詞后用which不用that引導(dǎo) 2.用that不用which的七種情況: ①先行詞前有形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí),用 that不用which引導(dǎo) ②先行詞為little,much,all,none,few,(the)one, something,everything,nothing,anything等不定代詞時(shí),用that引導(dǎo) ③先行詞既有指人的名詞又有指物的名詞時(shí),用 that引導(dǎo) ④先行詞前有any,all,no,few,every,some,little, much,(the)very,(the)only,(the)last等詞修飾時(shí),用 that引導(dǎo) ⑤先行詞為which時(shí),為了避免重復(fù),用that引導(dǎo) ⑥先行詞在從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí),常用that引導(dǎo) ⑦當(dāng)主句是There be...句型時(shí),用that引導(dǎo)。 在“one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語(yǔ)從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中,從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與復(fù)數(shù)名詞保持一致;當(dāng)one前有the only修飾時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與the only one保持一致 引導(dǎo)詞前有介詞或短語(yǔ)介詞時(shí),修飾人只能用 whom,修飾物只能用which引導(dǎo) 1. 常用that 不用which的情況: 1)先行詞為不定代詞all,little,few,much, anything, everything, nothing, something等時(shí) 2)先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或the only, the very等所修飾或其本身就是序數(shù)詞﹑形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí) 3)先行詞既有人,又有物時(shí) 4)當(dāng)主句是以who 或which開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句時(shí), 定語(yǔ)從句用that 引導(dǎo), 以避免重復(fù)。 若被修飾的名詞充當(dāng)從句介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí) 介詞可提前于引導(dǎo)詞之前,此時(shí)的引導(dǎo)詞只能用whom 或which. 當(dāng)先行詞為way 其后的定語(yǔ)從句用in which或 that引導(dǎo),也可不用引導(dǎo)詞。 關(guān)系代詞that 的用法 1)不用that的情況 a) 在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí) (錯(cuò)) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b)介詞后不能用 We depend on the land from which we get our food. 2) 只能用that作為定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況 a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。 b) 在不定代詞,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時(shí),只用that,不用which。 c) 先行詞有the only, the very.(恰恰,正好).any. few. little. no. all 修飾時(shí),只用that。 d) 先行詞由序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí),只用that。 e) 先行詞既有人,又有物時(shí)。 不能用關(guān)系代詞Which的幾種情況 1.當(dāng)先行詞為all, little, much, few, everything, none 等不定代詞時(shí)關(guān)系代詞用that而不用which. 2.當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用that, 不用which. 3.當(dāng)先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用that, 而不用which. 4.當(dāng)先行詞有序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用that, 不用which. 5.當(dāng)先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the right等修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用that,不用which. 6.當(dāng)先行詞被all, every, any, much, little, few, no等修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用that,不用which. 7.當(dāng)主句是以which開(kāi)頭的特殊問(wèn)句時(shí),定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞一般用that而不用which. 8.在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型" It is ... that ..." 中,只用that,不用which. 9.在" such (the same) ... as ..." 句型中,關(guān)系代詞要用as, 而不用which. 10.表示" 正如... 那樣 "," 正象..." 之意時(shí), 用as, 不用which. 11:As 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可以放在主句前面, 也可以放在主句后面或主句中間,而由 which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句后面。 used to/be used to的分別 used to + do:"過(guò)去常常"表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),但如今已不存在。 be used to + doing: 對(duì)……已感到習(xí)慣,或"習(xí)慣于",to是介詞,后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。 Scarf is used to taking a walk.(現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于散步) used to 的用法 (否定式簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)為usedn't) 過(guò)去經(jīng)常,以前常常 This used to be a shabby house. (此房年久失修) used to,would這兩個(gè)詞語(yǔ)都可以表示過(guò)去常做某事,有時(shí)可以換用。 used to do 強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的行為或狀態(tài),但是現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有這種行為或狀態(tài)了。因此,這個(gè)短語(yǔ)的內(nèi)涵是今昔對(duì)比。 關(guān)系代詞的不可省略和可以省略 1.關(guān)系代詞which,whom,who,that在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略。 Here is the man (who/that/whom)you're been looking for. 以下情況不能省略: (1)在介詞+whom與介詞+which中,whom,which不能省略。 (2)在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞也不能省略。 The elephant is like a spear,as anybody can see. (3)在the same ...as,such...as,as...as,the same...that中,as,that即使作賓語(yǔ),也不能省略I have bought the same bicycle as you have (bought). (指同類(lèi)用as) This is the same book that I read the day before yesterday. (that指同一個(gè)) (4)當(dāng)由and,but,or等連詞連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的定語(yǔ)從句修飾一個(gè)先行詞時(shí),第一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞可省,但第二,第三個(gè)不可省略。 This is the book (which) I read yesterday and which I find very interesting. 2.當(dāng)that在從句中作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略。 She is all (that) a teacher should be. 3.在there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中出現(xiàn)定語(yǔ)從句,或在定語(yǔ)從句中出現(xiàn)there be 時(shí),用作主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞也可省略。 This is the best dictionary (that) there is in the library. (1)當(dāng)先行詞是reason,而且定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí),關(guān)系代詞可用why,that,也可以省略。 That is the reason (why) I did it. (2)當(dāng)先行詞是way,且在定語(yǔ)從句中作方式狀語(yǔ)時(shí),關(guān)系代詞可用in which,that,也可以省略。 I don't know the way that/ which leads to the top of the mountains. (3)當(dāng)先行詞是time時(shí),關(guān)系代詞可用when,that 或省略。 I don't know the exact time (when/that) the sports meet will take place. 注意:關(guān)系代詞作賓語(yǔ)有時(shí)也不能省略。 定語(yǔ)從句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定語(yǔ),修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞,有時(shí)也可以修飾部分或整個(gè)句子。 1 、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 1) who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下: 關(guān)系代詞that和which 都可以指物,that 和Who 都可以指人,其用法區(qū)別: 不用that的情況: He is not the man that he used to be. 2 、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 3、名詞/數(shù)詞/代詞 /形容詞最高級(jí) + 介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句 4、as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句,常帶有“正如”的意思。 一 全部倒裝 二 部分倒裝 3. 表示“也”、“也不” 的so, neither, nor放在句首時(shí),句子作部分倒裝。例如: 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 主要引導(dǎo)詞:when, whenever, before, after, until, while, since, once, so long as, as soon as, the moment, every time, as, next time 常用引導(dǎo)詞:when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until 特殊引導(dǎo)詞:the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day,the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when 常用引導(dǎo)詞:where 特殊引導(dǎo)詞:wherever, anywhere, everywhere 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句一般由連接副詞where, wherever等引導(dǎo),已經(jīng)形成了固定的句型,例如: 句型1:Where+地點(diǎn)從句,(there)+主句。 【注意】此句型通常譯成“哪里……哪里就……”;主句在從句后面時(shí),there可用可不用;如果主句在從句的前面時(shí),一般都不用there。例如: You should have put the book where you found it. 你本來(lái)應(yīng)該把書(shū)放回原來(lái)的地方。 句型2:anywhere/wherever+地點(diǎn)從句/主句。 【注意】anywhere本身是個(gè)副詞,可以引導(dǎo)從句,相當(dāng)于連詞,意思相似于wherever, anywhere引導(dǎo)的從句可位于主句之前,也可以位于主句之后。 而wherever本身就是個(gè)連詞,表示“在何處,無(wú)論何處”。例如: Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海員。 主要引導(dǎo)詞:because, as, since, considering that, now that, not that, seeing that 常用引導(dǎo)詞:because, since, as, for 特殊引導(dǎo)詞:seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that. 主要引導(dǎo)詞:so that, in order that, for fear that, in case, lest 常用引導(dǎo)詞:so that, in order that 特殊引導(dǎo)詞:lest, in case, for fear that,in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that 主要引導(dǎo)詞:so…that, so that, such…that 常用引導(dǎo)詞:so … that, such … that, 特殊引導(dǎo)詞:such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, 主要引導(dǎo)詞:if, unless, in case, so long as, on condition (that), provided (that) 常用引導(dǎo)詞:if, unless,whether(whether...or not) 特殊引導(dǎo)詞:as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, on condition that 主要引導(dǎo)詞:though, although, no matter, even if, even though, however, whatever 常用引導(dǎo)詞:though, although, even if, even though 特殊引導(dǎo)詞: as(用在讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中必須要倒裝),while ( 一般用在句首 ),no matter …, in spite of the fact that, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever 常用引導(dǎo)詞:as(同級(jí)比較), than(不同程度的比較) 特殊引導(dǎo)詞:the more … the more … ; just as …, so…; A to B is what/as X is to Y; no … more than; not so much A as B 常用引導(dǎo)詞:as, as if, how 特殊引導(dǎo)詞:the way
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