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10. 狀語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化 狀語(yǔ)從句的省略 狀語(yǔ)從句同時(shí)具備下列兩個(gè)條件:①主句和從句的主語(yǔ)一致，或從句主語(yǔ)為it；②從句主要?jiǎng)釉~是be的某種形式。從句中的主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞?？墒÷?。例如： When ( the museum is ) completed , the museum will be open to the public next year . He’ll go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is ) possible. 另外，比較狀語(yǔ)從句經(jīng)常省略。例如： I’m taller than he (is tall ). The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is ). 就狀語(yǔ)從句而言,有時(shí)為了使語(yǔ)言言簡(jiǎn)意賅,常常將狀語(yǔ)從句進(jìn)行"簡(jiǎn)化"。狀語(yǔ)從句的"簡(jiǎn)化"現(xiàn)象在口語(yǔ)中較為普遍,而且在高考中的復(fù)現(xiàn)率也較高。因此,有必要對(duì)其進(jìn)行全面、透徹的了解。 狀語(yǔ)從句的"簡(jiǎn)化"現(xiàn)象常存在于以下五種狀語(yǔ)從句中:①由if, unless等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句;②由although, though, even if / though等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句;③由when, while, as, before, after, until / till等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句;④由as, as if等引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句;⑤由as, than等引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句。下面針對(duì)這五種情形作一歸納。 (1)當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)是it,且謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是be時(shí),it和be要完全簡(jiǎn)化掉。例如: If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty.如果可能的話,他會(huì)幫你擺脫困境。 You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you.除非情況對(duì)你來(lái)說(shuō)不方便,否則你必須出席這次會(huì)議。 (2)當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)一致時(shí),從句可以將主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞簡(jiǎn)化掉。常用于以下幾種情形: a.連詞+形容詞 As (he was) young, he learned how to ride a bike.他小時(shí)候就學(xué)會(huì)了騎自行車(chē)。 Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping.她有空就去逛商店。 Work hard when (you are) young, or you'll regret.少壯不努力,老大徒傷悲。 b.連詞+名詞 While (he was) a young boy, he was always ready to help others.他在孩提時(shí)代就樂(lè)于助人。 Although (he was) a farmer, now he is a famous director.盡管他曾是個(gè)農(nóng)民,而現(xiàn)在是位著名的導(dǎo)演了。 c.連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 As (she was) walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song.她沿著河堤邊走邊唱著流行歌曲。 Although (he is) doing his best in maths these days, he has still got no good marks.盡管近來(lái)他一直在學(xué)數(shù)學(xué),但他仍然沒(méi)有取得好成績(jī)。 d.連詞+過(guò)去分詞 He won't go there with us unless (he is) invited.除非受到邀請(qǐng),否則他不會(huì)和我們一道去那里。 The concert was a great success than (it was) expected.這場(chǎng)音樂(lè)會(huì)出乎意料地取得了巨大成功。 e.連詞+不定式 He stood up as if (he were) to say something.當(dāng)時(shí)他站起來(lái)好像要說(shuō)什么。He wouldn't solve the problem even if (he were) to take charge.即使他來(lái)負(fù)責(zé),他也解決不了這個(gè)問(wèn)題。f. 連詞+介詞短語(yǔ) She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble.她看上去很焦急,好像遇到了麻煩。 He had mastered the English language before (he was) in the USA.他到美國(guó)之前就懂英語(yǔ)了。 注意:當(dāng)從句主語(yǔ)和主句主語(yǔ)不一致時(shí),從句部分要么用完全形式,要么用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表達(dá)。例如: When the meeting was over, all the people went out of the meeting-room.當(dāng)會(huì)議結(jié)束時(shí),人們都走出了會(huì)議室。(=The meeting over, 要點(diǎn): 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，由以下連詞引導(dǎo)： when while as after before as soon as since till /until by the time 在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，要注意時(shí)態(tài)一致。一般情況下主句是將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)候，從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 1.when當(dāng)。。。的時(shí)候 Mozart started writing music when he was four years old. (當(dāng))莫扎特4歲的時(shí)候，開(kāi)始寫(xiě)音樂(lè)作品。 2.while當(dāng)。。。時(shí) He visited a lot of places while he was traveling. 他在旅途中參觀了許多地方。 3.as在。。。的同時(shí)；一邊。。。一邊。。。 He smiled as he stood up. 他一邊站起來(lái)一邊笑著。 4.after在。。。之后 He left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day. 前幾天做完作業(yè)之后回的家。 5.before 在。。。之前 Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here. 布朗先生來(lái)這之前已經(jīng)在一家銀行里工作一年了。 6.as soon as 一。。。就。。。 We began to work as soon as we got there. 我們一到那就開(kāi)始工作。 I will write to you as soon as I get home. 我一到家就給你寫(xiě)信。 7.since 自。。。以來(lái) 到現(xiàn)在 表示自過(guò)去的一個(gè)起點(diǎn)時(shí)間到目前(說(shuō)話時(shí)間)為止的一段持續(xù)時(shí)間。主句一般用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago. 自格林先生來(lái)中國(guó)以來(lái)，他就在這所學(xué)校教書(shū)。 (還可以用作介詞，本句從句還可以用短語(yǔ)：since three years ago(自三年前以來(lái))表示。) 8 till /until 都可以作連詞，連接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，也可以作介詞，與其它詞構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)，在句中作狀語(yǔ)。 They walked till /until it was dark. 他們一直走到天黑。 Xiao Ming didn’t leave home till / until his father came back. 小明直到他爸爸回來(lái)才離開(kāi)家。 9. by the time 到。。。為止 (所在句子的主句應(yīng)用完成時(shí)) By the time he gets there , his father has already gone. 他到家的時(shí)候，他爸爸已經(jīng)走了。 By the time I got to school, the class had already began. 我到校時(shí)，已經(jīng)開(kāi)始上課了。 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句（adverbial clause of time） 1.由when, while, as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。例如： When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.當(dāng)你以為自己一無(wú)所知的時(shí)候，你就是在開(kāi)始知道一些事物了。 When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.當(dāng)真理被埋在地下的時(shí)候，它在生長(zhǎng)，它感到壓抑，它蓄存著這么一種爆炸性力量，一旦冒出，它就會(huì)炸破一切！ Strike while the iron is hot. 趁熱打鐵。 Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim. 我游泳的時(shí)候，請(qǐng)你照看一下我的衣服。 You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. 當(dāng)你的手在空氣中揮動(dòng)的時(shí)候，你就能感覺(jué)到空氣在流動(dòng)。 Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.我們的校長(zhǎng)邊談邊笑。 when, while和as的區(qū)別 when引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞，又可以是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞。并且when有時(shí)表示“就在那時(shí)”。 例如： When she came in, I stopped eating.她進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)，我在吃飯。(瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞) When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.當(dāng)?shù)淖≡谵r(nóng)村時(shí)，我常常為他擔(dān)水。（延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞） We were about to leave when he came in.我們就要離開(kāi)，就在那時(shí)他進(jìn)來(lái)了。 While引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作必須是延續(xù)性的，并強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生（或者相對(duì)應(yīng)）。并且while有時(shí)還可以表示對(duì)比。例如： While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞，was reading和was watching同時(shí)發(fā)生) I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜歡踢足球，而你喜歡打籃球。（對(duì)比） As表示“一邊……一邊”，as引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)作，一般用于主句和從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生；as也可以強(qiáng)調(diào)“一先一后。例如： We always sing as we walk.我們總是邊走邊唱。（as表示“一邊……一邊”） As we was going out, it began to snow.當(dāng)我們出門(mén)時(shí)，開(kāi)始下雪了。（as強(qiáng)調(diào)句中兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著先后發(fā)生，而不強(qiáng)調(diào)開(kāi)始下雪的特定時(shí)間） as when while的辨析 as when while都表示主、從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，三者差異如下： 表示“一邊。。。一邊＂的意思 as 強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行，并表示對(duì)比時(shí) 用于發(fā)生時(shí)間較段時(shí) when 1、還可以表示從句動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作在主幾句動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作＂之前＂或＂之后＂發(fā)生。 2、when＝and then; at that moment (正在那個(gè)時(shí)候) while 1、用于時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)時(shí) 2、 強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行，并表示對(duì)比時(shí) 有時(shí)這三個(gè)連詞可以互換，有時(shí)不可以。 lIt was raining hard when (as) I got there. 我到那里時(shí)，正在下大雨。 ( 動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，when可換為as, 但不能換為while，因?yàn)間et是點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞.) lWhen I had read the article, he called me. 我看完這篇文章之后，她給我打了電話。( 從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句之前，注意時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)，只能用when ) lWhen I got to the cinema, the film had begun. (當(dāng))我到了電影院時(shí)，電影已經(jīng)開(kāi)演了。(從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句之后，只能用when,并要注意時(shí)態(tài)) lHe was about to leave, when the telephone rang. 他正要離開(kāi)，忽然電話響了。( 此時(shí)不能放在句首。主句動(dòng)詞一般表達(dá) “正在” “即將”. while, as不能代替 lShe thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking about my daughter. 他以為我在談她女兒，然而，實(shí)際上在談?wù)撐遗畠骸?表轉(zhuǎn)折，對(duì)比，when, as都不能代替它) lWhile the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police. 外星人買(mǎi)紀(jì)念品時(shí)，那女孩給警察打了電話。(表示主句，從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，while后引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)動(dòng)詞不能是點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞，因?yàn)樗硎据^長(zhǎng)時(shí)間) lMother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as (when/ while) father was away. 媽媽擔(dān)心，因?yàn)樾?ài)麗絲病了，特別是他父親不在家的時(shí)候。(此時(shí)as ,when, while可通用) 2.由before和after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。 注意before引導(dǎo)的從句不再用否定式的謂語(yǔ)，并且當(dāng)before引導(dǎo)的從句位于主句之后，有時(shí)譯成“就，才”。還要注意主句和從句之間的時(shí)間關(guān)系。當(dāng)主句用將來(lái)時(shí)，從句總是用現(xiàn)在時(shí)；如果before引導(dǎo)的從句謂語(yǔ)用的是過(guò)去時(shí)，則主句動(dòng)詞多用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，這樣以便體現(xiàn)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后。After表示主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句動(dòng)作之后。主句和從句的動(dòng)作的時(shí)間關(guān)系正好與before引導(dǎo)的從句相反。例如： It will be four days before they come back. 他們要過(guò)四天才能回來(lái)。 Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.愛(ài)因斯坦幾乎把我撞倒才看到我。 My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父親恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。 They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他們結(jié)婚還不到四個(gè)月就離婚了。 After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔細(xì)考慮過(guò)以后，告訴我你是怎樣決定的。 After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后，我們回家了。（從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，主句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)） 3.由till或until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。 till和until一般情況下兩者可以互換，但是在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中多用until。并且要注意的是：如果主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，必須用否定形式；如果主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí)，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表達(dá)的意思不同。例如： I didn't go to bed until（till） my father came back.直到我父親回來(lái)我才上床睡覺(jué)。 It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散會(huì)之后他才開(kāi)始教我英語(yǔ)。 I worked until he came back.我工作到他回來(lái)為止。 I didn't work until he came back.他回來(lái)我這才開(kāi)始工作。 Please wait until I arrived.在我到達(dá)之前請(qǐng)等我。 4.由since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。 since引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞，又可以是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞。一般情況下，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，而主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。但在It is ＋時(shí)間＋since從句的句型中，主句多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如： I have been in Beijing since you left. 自從你離開(kāi)以來(lái)，我一直在北京了。 Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你見(jiàn)面以后，你到哪里去了？ It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。 It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我們老板離開(kāi)北京有五個(gè)月了。 知識(shí)擴(kuò)展 1. It is since從。。。以來(lái)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了(因?yàn)閟ince +從句或名詞，表示一段時(shí)間) It is five years since we met last time.從我們上次見(jiàn)面已經(jīng)五年了。 2. It is +before…(。。。才) It was a long time before I went to sleep again. 過(guò)了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間我才睡著。 It was an hour before(＝until) the police arrived. 過(guò)了一個(gè)小時(shí)，警察才來(lái)。 5.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。這些連詞都表示“一……就”。例如： I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早飯，我立即到那里去。 The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一聽(tīng)到消息，馬上趕到了出事地點(diǎn)。 As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大，就給你來(lái)電話。 【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when / before, no sooner…than相當(dāng)于as soon as之意。主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。當(dāng)hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首時(shí)，主句應(yīng)用倒裝語(yǔ)序。例如： He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他剛到家，就被邀請(qǐng)開(kāi)始另一旅程。 No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太陽(yáng)剛從地平線上升起，他就起床勞動(dòng)去了。 Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我剛坐下，他就進(jìn)來(lái)了。 He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.這個(gè)阿拉伯人剛要入睡就感到肩膀上被輕輕一觸。 6.由by the time引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。 注意時(shí)態(tài)的變化：在一般情況下，如果從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用將來(lái)完成時(shí)。例如： By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回來(lái)時(shí)，我已經(jīng)寫(xiě)完這本書(shū)了。 By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天來(lái)這兒的時(shí)候，我將已經(jīng)完成此工作了。 7.由each time, every time和whenever引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。例如： Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次來(lái)哈爾濱，總是來(lái)看我。 Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that he's about to tell a lie.每當(dāng)那個(gè)人說(shuō)“說(shuō)實(shí)在話”的時(shí)候，我猜想他就要說(shuō)謊了。 You grow younger every time I see you. 每次遇到你，見(jiàn)你更年輕了。 8.由as long as和so long as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。這兩個(gè)連詞表示“有多久……就多久”。例如： You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. 你可以隨意到哪里去，只要在天黑以前回來(lái)就行。 I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body! 只要我一息尚存，我就要反對(duì)這種境況。 |
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來(lái)自： 悟癡 > 《狀語(yǔ)從句》
