一、倒裝

英語(yǔ)句子的主語(yǔ)通常位于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前，這種語(yǔ)序被稱為正常語(yǔ)序。但有時(shí)出于修辭或某種特殊的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要，需要將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)之前，這種語(yǔ)序則叫倒裝語(yǔ)序。按倒裝的形式，倒裝可分為類，一是部分倒裝，二是完全倒裝。前者指主語(yǔ)和助動(dòng)詞倒置，后者指主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)完全倒置。

二、部分倒裝

1. 含有否定意義的副詞位于句首時(shí)的倒裝

在正式文體中，never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, no longer, nowhere 等含有否定意義的副詞若位于句首，則其后要用部分倒裝：

I shall never forgive him. / Never shall I forgive him. 我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)寬恕他。

He seldom goes out for dinner. / Seldom does he go out for dinner. 他很少出去吃飯。

She hardly has time to listen to music. / Hardly does she have time to listen to music. 他幾乎沒時(shí)間聽音樂。

He little realizes how important this meeting is. / Little does he realize how important this meeting is. 他不甚明白這個(gè)會(huì)議的重要性。

We had no sooner reached the airport than the plane took off. / No sooner had we reached the airport than  the plane took off.  我們剛到機(jī)場(chǎng),飛機(jī)就起飛了。

注：(1) 對(duì)于not…until句型，當(dāng)not until…位于句首時(shí)，其后的主句要用倒裝語(yǔ)序：

He didn’t leave the room until the rain stopped. / Not until the rain stopped did he leave the room. 雨停了之后他才離開這房間。

(2) 某些起副詞作用的介詞短語(yǔ)，由于含有否定詞，若位于句首，其后要用部分倒裝：

On no accounts must this switch be touched.這個(gè)開關(guān)是絕 不能觸摸的。

In [Under] no circumstances will I lend money to him.無(wú)論如何我也不會(huì)再借錢給他了。

但是，in no time(立即，馬上)位于句首時(shí)，其后無(wú)需用倒裝語(yǔ)序：

In no time he worked out the problem. 他馬上就算出了那道題。

2.“only+狀語(yǔ)”位于句首時(shí)的倒裝

當(dāng)一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)受副詞only的修飾且置于句首時(shí)，其后用部分倒裝語(yǔ)序：

Only then did he realize that he was wrong. 到那時(shí)他才意識(shí)到他錯(cuò)了。

Only in this way are you able to do it well.  你只有用這種方法才能把它做好。

Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened. 當(dāng)他回到家里時(shí),才知道出了什么事。

3.“so+形容詞或副詞”位于句首時(shí)的倒裝

副詞so后接形容詞或副詞位于句首時(shí)，其后用部分倒裝：

So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天氣太冷，我們只好呆在家里。

So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its  speed.  光速很快，我們幾乎沒法像它的速度。

So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape. 襲擊來(lái)得非常突然，我們來(lái)不及逃跑。

4.“So+助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)”倒裝

當(dāng)要表示前面提出的某一肯定的情況也同樣適合于后者，通常就要用“So+助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)”這種倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：

You are young and so am I. 你年輕，我也年輕。

She likes music and so do I. 她喜歡音樂，我也喜歡。

If he can do it, so can I. 要是他能做此事，我也能。

注：(1) 若前面提出某一否定的情況，要表示后者也屬于同樣的否定情況，則應(yīng)將其中的so改為neither或nor：

You aren’t young and neither am I. 你不年輕，我也不年輕。

She hasn’t read it and nor have I. 她沒有讀它，我也沒有讀。

(2) 注意該結(jié)構(gòu)與表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或同意的“so+主語(yǔ)+特殊動(dòng)詞”結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別：

"It was cold yesterday." "So it was." “昨天很冷。”“的確很冷?！?/p>

"Father, you promised." "Well, so I did." “爸爸，你答應(yīng)過(guò)的?！薄班?，是答應(yīng)過(guò)。”

5. 由not only…but also引出的倒裝

當(dāng)not only…but also位于句首引出句子時(shí)，not only 后的句子通常用部分倒裝形式：

Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet. 他不僅是一位教師，而且是一位詩(shī)人。

Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 不僅他講得更正確，也講得更不費(fèi)勁了。

6. 虛擬條件句省略if后構(gòu)成的倒裝

當(dāng)if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件從句中含有had, were, should等時(shí)，如將if省略，則要將had, were, should等移到主語(yǔ)前，構(gòu)成倒裝句：

Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him.若你昨天來(lái)，你就會(huì)見到他了。

Should you require anything give me a ring. 如果需要什么，可以給我打電話。

Were it not for your help, I would still be homeless. 要不是你幫助，我會(huì)仍然無(wú)家可歸。

注：省略if后提前的had不一定是助動(dòng)詞：

Had I money, I would buy it. 假若我有錢，我就會(huì)買它。

三、 完全倒裝

完全倒裝的基本形式是“謂語(yǔ)+主語(yǔ)”，主要見于以下情況：

1. here 和there位于句首時(shí)的倒裝

表示地點(diǎn)的here和 there位于句首時(shí)，其后用完全倒裝形式。這類倒裝句的謂語(yǔ)通常是動(dòng)詞be和come, go等表示移動(dòng)或動(dòng)態(tài)的不及物動(dòng)詞：

Here’s Tom. 湯姆在這里。

There’s Jim. 吉姆在那兒。

Here comes the bus. 公共汽車來(lái)了。

There goes the bell. 鈴響了。

There goes the last train. 最后一班火車開走了。

注：(1) 以上倒裝句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞come和go不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，即不能說(shuō) Here is coming the bus。

(2) 若主語(yǔ)為代詞，則不倒裝：

Here I am. 我在這兒。/我來(lái)了。

Here it comes. 它來(lái)了。

(3) 其中的動(dòng)詞有時(shí)也可能是stand, lie, live等表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞(表示存在)：

There stood a desk against the wall. 靠墻放著一張書桌。

Once upon a time there lived a man known by the name of Beef. 從前有個(gè)人名叫比夫。

2. away和down等位于句首時(shí)的倒裝

地點(diǎn)副詞away, down, in, off, out, over, round, up 等位于句首時(shí)，其后用完全倒裝語(yǔ)序。這類倒裝句的謂語(yǔ)通常表示動(dòng)態(tài)的不及物動(dòng)詞：

Away went the runners. 賽跑選手們跑遠(yuǎn)了。

Round and round flew the plane. 飛機(jī)盤旋著。

The door opened and in came Mr Smith. 門開了，史密斯先生進(jìn)了來(lái)。

Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas. 下雨了，傘都撐起來(lái)了。

注：若主語(yǔ)為人稱代詞，則不能用倒裝：

Away he went. 他跑遠(yuǎn)了。

Down it came. 它掉了下來(lái)。

3. 某些狀語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)位于句首時(shí)的倒裝

為了保持句子平衡或使上下文銜接緊密，有時(shí)可將狀語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)置于句首，句中主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)完全倒裝：

Among these people was his friend Jim. 他的朋友吉姆就在這些人當(dāng)中。

By the window sat a young man with a magazine in his hand. 窗戶邊坐著一個(gè)年輕人，手里拿著一本雜志。

注：在表語(yǔ)置于句首的這類倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中，要注意其中的謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)與其后的主語(yǔ)保持一致，而不是與位于句首的表語(yǔ)保持一致。比較：

In the box was a cat. 箱子里是一只貓。

In the box were some cats. 箱子里是一些貓。

4. 現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞或不定式置于句首的倒裝

有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，可將謂語(yǔ)部分的現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞或不定式置于句首，從而構(gòu)成倒裝：

Buried in the sands was an ancient village. 一個(gè)古老的村莊被埋在這沙土之中。

Standing beside the table was his wife.. 站在桌旁的是他的妻子。

To be carefully considered are the following questions. 下列問題要仔細(xì)考慮。

四、重點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)原創(chuàng)精練

1. Only in this way ______ progress in your English.

A. you make                                             B. you be able to make

C. can you make                                       D. will you able to make

2. I’m quite willing to help and ______ the others.

A. so are the others                                    B. the others are so

C. so do the others                                     D.  the others do

3. This is your work. In no case ______ to leave your post.

A. are you                 B. you are                 C. can you                D. you can

4. Not until recently ______ any idea what a guided missile was like.

A. could I have          B. had I                    C. I had                    D. did I have

5. So ______ that even the people in the next room could hear him.

A. loudly he spoke                                    B. he spoke loudly

C. loudly did he speak                                                               D. loudly spoke did he

6. Only when one loses freedom ______ its value.

A. does one know                                      B. one does know

C. does know one                                      D. know one does

7. ______ their support，we’d be in a very difficult position.

A. It were not for      B. Were it not for      C. Not for it              D. If it were not

8. He never went to see her again, ______ write to apologize.

A. nor did he write    B. nor he did write     C. he did write          D. nor he wrote

9. ______ to sleep than the telephone rang once again.

A. No sooner had he gone                          B. No sooner did he go

C. He no sooner went                                D. He had gone no sooner

10. He is really beautiful, and _______ when she had children.

A. so was her mother                                 B. so is her mother

C. her mother was so                                 D. her mother is so

參考答案：1—5 CAADC  6—10 ABAAA