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高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法第一輪復(fù)習(xí)-不定式 一、概說(shuō) 動(dòng)詞不定式是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種，它通常由不定式符號(hào)to + 動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，但有時(shí)to也可省略(省略to的不定式叫不帶to的不定式，與動(dòng)詞原形同形)。動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的功能，在句中可用作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等，但不能用作謂語(yǔ)(故稱不定式為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)。不定式可以有不同的時(shí)態(tài)(如進(jìn)行式、完成式等)和語(yǔ)態(tài)(主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))。 二、不定式的否定式 1.不定式的否定式的構(gòu)成 通常是將否定詞not或never置于不定式之前，即構(gòu)成not to do 或never to do 的形式，注意not和never一定要放在不定式符號(hào)to的前面，而不是其后面。如： The doctor advised me not to smoke. 醫(yī)生勸我不要抽煙。 Father warned me never to drive after drinking. 父親警告我不要酒后開(kāi)車。 注：若不定式為完成式和被動(dòng)式，否定詞應(yīng)置于整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)之前： She pretended not to have seen him. 她假裝沒(méi)看見(jiàn)他。 It is nice not to be dependent on others. 不依靠別人是好的。 2. so as to do sth 和in order to do sth 的否定式 對(duì)于這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的否定式，通常是將否定詞置于不定式符號(hào)to之前，而不是置于整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)之前或其他位置： Study hard so as not to fail the exam. 努力學(xué)習(xí)，以免考試不及格。 He came in quietly in order not to wake his wife. 他輕輕進(jìn)來(lái)，以免把他妻子吵醒。 三、不定式的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài) 1. 不定式時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本形式(以do為例)
2. 不定式一般式的用法 有兩個(gè)主要用法： (1) 一是表示將來(lái)，即表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之后的動(dòng)作： We decided to leave early. 我們決定早點(diǎn)動(dòng)身。 He asked me to buy him some paper. 他叫我給他買些紙。 We expect him to come in time. 我們希望他能及時(shí)來(lái)。 (2) 表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或略先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的動(dòng)作： He seems to be tired. 他似乎累了。 Who heard him say that? 是誰(shuí)聽(tīng)到他這樣說(shuō)的？ I’m sorry to hear that. 聽(tīng)到這事我很難過(guò)。(to hear 略先于am sorry) 2. 不定式進(jìn)行式的用法 主要用法有： (1) 表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生且正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作： He seems to be saying something. 他似乎在說(shuō)什么。 He is thought to be hiding in the woods. 人們認(rèn)為他躲在林子里。 (2) 正如可用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示將來(lái)意義一樣，不定式的進(jìn)行式有時(shí)也可表示將來(lái)： He was happy to be coming home. 就要回家了他感到高興。 The old man seems to be dying. 這老人似乎要死了。 3. 不定式完成式的用法 (1) 表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前的動(dòng)作： He seems to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。 I hate to have quarreled with her. 我后悔和她吵架了。 I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble. 對(duì)不起給了你這么多麻煩。 (2) 表示在某個(gè)給定的時(shí)間之前已完成的動(dòng)作： I hope to have finished the work by now. 我希望現(xiàn)在以前已完成這項(xiàng)工作。 (3) 表示過(guò)去未實(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法和愿望： I should like to have come earlier. 我本想早點(diǎn)來(lái)的。 We were to have been married last year. 我們本來(lái)打算去年結(jié)婚的。 4. 不定式完成進(jìn)行式的用法 表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作： You seem to have been writing very long. 你好像已經(jīng)寫了很久了。 The battle was said to have been going on for two days. 據(jù)說(shuō)戰(zhàn)斗已經(jīng)進(jìn)行兩天了。 5. 不定式被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法 不定式到底用主動(dòng)形式還是被動(dòng)形式，往往取決于句子的意思，即意思上為主動(dòng)就用主動(dòng)形式，意思上為被動(dòng)就用被動(dòng)形式： Did it need to be done so soon? 這事需要這么快就做嗎? It remains to be seen whether you are right. 你是否正確，以后見(jiàn)分曉。 I’m pleased to have been given this opportunity. 給了我這次機(jī)會(huì)我很高興。 注：有關(guān)不定式用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義的內(nèi)容，參見(jiàn)本講義“被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)”之內(nèi)容。 四、不定式的句法功能 1. 作主語(yǔ) To see is to believe. 眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。 To talk with him is a great pleasure. 和他談話是一件非常愉快的事。 To remember this is very important. 記住這一點(diǎn)很重要。 注：為了避免頭重腳輕，在許多情況下，通常都將作主語(yǔ)的不定式置于句子后部，而在句首使用的主語(yǔ)位置使用形式主語(yǔ)it： It’s very important to remember this. 記住這一點(diǎn)很重要。 It’s a pity to leave so early. 這么早走太遺憾。 2.作表語(yǔ) He seems to be ill. 他似乎有病。 Her wish is to be a teacher. 她的愿望就是當(dāng)一名教師。 You are not to smoke in this room. 你不應(yīng)在這個(gè)房間里吸煙。 注：不定式作表語(yǔ)主要有三種情況，一是用于seem, appear, prove, turn out等連系動(dòng)詞之后的不定式(尤其是to be)，二是像My job is to sweep the floor(我的工作就是擦地板)這樣的主語(yǔ)與表語(yǔ)“等價(jià)”的情形，三是表示想法、約定、義務(wù)、命令、可能性、命運(yùn)等，再如： We are to meet at the station at three. 我約定3點(diǎn)鐘在車站見(jiàn)面。(表約定) How are we to convince him? 我們?cè)趺茨苷f(shuō)服他呢? (表可能性) You are to come when I call. 叫你來(lái)的時(shí)候，你必須來(lái)。(表命令) 3. 作賓語(yǔ) I can’t afford to buy a car. 我買不起汽車。 Remember to post the letter. 記住把信寄了。 I hope to be staying with you. 我希望和你住在一起。 注：不定式不僅用作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，還可用作個(gè)別介詞(如but, except)的賓語(yǔ)： I had no choice but to wait. 除了等，我沒(méi)有別的選擇。 It had no effect except to make him angry. 除惹他生氣外，沒(méi)產(chǎn)生任何效果。 4. 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) Who taught you to drive? 誰(shuí)教你開(kāi)車的? He warned me not to touch it. 他警告我不要觸碰它。 What caused him to change his mind? 什么使他改變主意的? 注：當(dāng)作賓語(yǔ)的不定式后跟有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常要用形式賓語(yǔ)it代替不定式，并將真正的賓語(yǔ)不定式置于賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之后： It find it difficult to learn Japanese well. 我感到學(xué)會(huì)日語(yǔ)不容易。 5. 作定語(yǔ) I have a question to ask you. 我有一個(gè)問(wèn)題要問(wèn)你。 It is a pleasant thing to remember. 這是一件值得記住的愉快的事。 He is not a man to tell a lie. 他不是個(gè)說(shuō)謊的人。 注：有的名詞(如way, chance, right等)后用作定語(yǔ)的不定式可換成of doing sth： It’s the best way to do [of doing] it. 這是做此事最好的辦法。 但是，以下名詞后接不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)通常不能換成of doing sth： attempt 試圖 courage 勇氣 decision 決定 effort 努力 fortune 運(yùn)氣 failure 失敗 invitation 邀請(qǐng) permission 允許 promise 允諾 wish 愿望 6. 作狀語(yǔ) 不定式作狀語(yǔ)可以表示多種關(guān)系(如目的、結(jié)果、原因、條件等)： I went to France to learn French. 我到法國(guó)去學(xué)法語(yǔ)。(表目的) He returned home to find his wife waiting for him. 他回到家發(fā)現(xiàn)他的妻子在等他。(表結(jié)果) You would make a great mistake to accept his offer. 你要是接受他的建議，你就犯了大錯(cuò)誤。(表?xiàng)l件) We are proud to be members of this team. 作為這個(gè)隊(duì)的隊(duì)員我們感到很自豪。(表原因) He opened his mouth as if to say something. 他張開(kāi)嘴，好像要說(shuō)什么。(表方式) 五、通常要接不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞 通常只接不定式(而不是動(dòng)名詞)作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有： afford 負(fù)擔(dān)得起 agree 同意 arrange 安排，設(shè)法 ask 要求 care 想要 choose 決定 decide 決定 demand 要求 determine 決心 expect 期待 fail 未能 help 幫助 hesitate 猶豫 hope 希望 long 渴望 manage 設(shè)法 offer 主動(dòng)提出 plan 計(jì)劃 prepare 準(zhǔn)備 pretend 假裝 promise 答應(yīng) refuse 拒絕 want 想要 wish希望 I can’t afford to buy a car. 我買不起汽車。 She refused to help me. 她不肯幫助我。 He agreed to come over right away. 他同意馬上就來(lái)。 He managed to avoid an accident. 他設(shè)法避免了一次事故。 The boy decided not to become a sailor. 那孩子決定將來(lái)不當(dāng)水手。 He chose not to go abroad until later. 他決定晚點(diǎn)出國(guó)。 He pretended not to know the facts. 他佯裝不知實(shí)情。 六、“動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式”用法說(shuō)明 1.可用于該結(jié)構(gòu)的常用動(dòng)詞 通?？蓭Р欢ㄊ阶髻e語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：advise, allow, ask, bear, beg, cause, command, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, hate, help, intend, invite, leave, like, mean, need, oblige, order, permit, persuade, prefer, request, remind, teach, tell, trouble, want, warn, wish等。如： He didn’t allow the students to go there. 他沒(méi)讓學(xué)生們?nèi)ツ莾骸?/FONT> He ordered the work to be started at once. 他命令馬上開(kāi)始工作。 He forbade me to use his car. 他不準(zhǔn)我用他的小車。 The doctor warned him not to smoke. 醫(yī)生告誡他不要抽煙。 My parents encouraged me to study abroad. 父母鼓勵(lì)我出國(guó)留學(xué)。 I tried to persuade him to leave, but he wouldn’t listen. 我想勸他離開(kāi)，可他不聽(tīng)。 2. 容易誤用于該結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞 容易受漢語(yǔ)意思誤用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞： 漢語(yǔ)可說(shuō)“害怕某人做某事”，但英語(yǔ)不說(shuō) fear sb to do sth。 漢語(yǔ)可說(shuō)“原諒某人做某事”，但英語(yǔ)不說(shuō) excuse [forgive] sb to do sth。 漢語(yǔ)可說(shuō)“拒絕某人做某事”，但英語(yǔ)不說(shuō) refuse sb to do sth。 漢語(yǔ)可說(shuō)“懲罰某人做某事”，但英語(yǔ)不說(shuō) punish sb to do sth。 漢語(yǔ)可說(shuō)“建議某人做某事”，但英語(yǔ)不說(shuō) suggest [propose] sb to do sth。 漢語(yǔ)可說(shuō)“贊成某人做某事”，但英語(yǔ)不說(shuō) approve sb to do sth。 漢語(yǔ)可說(shuō)“通知某人做某事”，但英語(yǔ)不說(shuō) inform sb to do sth。 漢語(yǔ)可說(shuō)“歡迎某人做某事”，但英語(yǔ)不說(shuō) welcome sb to do sth。 漢語(yǔ)可說(shuō)“堅(jiān)持某人做某事”，但英語(yǔ)不說(shuō) insist [persist] sb to do sth。 漢語(yǔ)可說(shuō)“希望某人做某事”，但英語(yǔ)不說(shuō) hope sb to do sth。 漢語(yǔ)可說(shuō)“安排某人做某事”，但英語(yǔ)不說(shuō) arrange sb to do sth。 漢語(yǔ)可說(shuō)“要求某人做某事”，但英語(yǔ)不說(shuō) demand sb to do sth。 漢語(yǔ)可說(shuō)“感謝某人做某事”，但英語(yǔ)不說(shuō) thank sb to do sth。 漢語(yǔ)可說(shuō)“祝賀某人做某事”，但英語(yǔ)不說(shuō) congratulate sb to do sth。 漢語(yǔ)可說(shuō)“阻止某人做某事”，但英語(yǔ)不說(shuō) prevent sb to do sth。 要表示以上意思，可換用其他表達(dá)： 漢語(yǔ)的“原諒某人做某事”，英語(yǔ)可說(shuō)成 excuse [forgive] sb for doing sth。 漢語(yǔ)的“希望某人做某事”，英語(yǔ)可說(shuō)成wish sb to do sth。 漢語(yǔ)的“建議某人做某事”，英語(yǔ)可說(shuō)成 advise sb to do sth。 漢語(yǔ)的“安排某人做某事”，英語(yǔ)可說(shuō)成 arrange for sb to do sth。 漢語(yǔ)的“要求某人做某事”，英語(yǔ)可說(shuō)成 demand of sb to do sth。 漢語(yǔ)的“感謝某人做某事”，英語(yǔ)可說(shuō)成thank sb for doing sth。 漢語(yǔ)的“祝賀某人做某事”，英語(yǔ)可說(shuō)成congratulate sb on doing sth。 漢語(yǔ)的“阻止某人做某事”，英語(yǔ)可說(shuō)成 prevent sb from doing sth。 3. 關(guān)于promise sb to do sth 該結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)不其前的賓語(yǔ)sb，而是句子主語(yǔ)，所以嚴(yán)格說(shuō)來(lái)，此句中的不定式不是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，如He promised me to go. 的意思是“他答應(yīng)我他去”，而不是“他答應(yīng)讓我去”。 七、省略to的若干情況 1. 使役動(dòng)詞后省to的情況 在let, make, have等使役動(dòng)詞后用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式必須省略to： My mother wouldn’t let me go to the film. 我媽媽不會(huì)讓我去看電影的。 I don’t like milk, but she made me drink it. 我不喜歡牛奶,可是她強(qiáng)迫我喝。 I would have him wait for me at the gate of the park. 我要他在公園門口等我。 注：(1) 當(dāng)使役動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，要補(bǔ)上在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中省略的to(主要是指make，let和have很少用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))。 (2) force, oblige等雖然也表示“使”，但它們后用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式必須帶to： He forced me to go with them. 他迫使我同他們一起去。 2. 感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞后省to的情況 在感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞后用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式必須省略to： I saw the woman enter a bank. 我看見(jiàn)這個(gè)女人進(jìn)了一家銀行。 We often hear her sing this song. 我們經(jīng)常聽(tīng)到她唱這乎歌。 Did you notice her leave the house? 她離開(kāi)屋子你注意到了嗎? z I watched her get into the car. 我看著她上了車。 注：(1) 這里所說(shuō)的感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞主要包括see, hear, observe, notice, feel, watch。但是它們用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，則其后的不定式必須帶to： The woman was seen to enter a bank. 有人看見(jiàn)這個(gè)女人進(jìn)了一家銀行。 但是，用于以上句型的動(dòng)詞notice 和watch通常不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 (2) 類似地，動(dòng)詞look at和listen to后用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式也不帶to： We listened to the old man tell his story. 我們聽(tīng)這位老人講述他的經(jīng)歷。 (3) 若動(dòng)詞feel后用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式為 to be，則要帶 to(其他情況不帶 to)： They felt the plan to be unwise. 他們認(rèn)為這個(gè)計(jì)劃不明智。 (4) 若不定式為完成式，通常應(yīng)帶 to。如： I noticed her to have come early. 我注意到她來(lái)得很早。 2. 動(dòng)詞help后省to的情況 在動(dòng)詞help后用作賓語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式可以不帶to： Can I help (to) carry this heavy box? 我可以幫忙扛這個(gè)重箱子嗎？ Mother helped me (to) do my homework. 媽幫助我做作業(yè)。 注：(1) 當(dāng) help 之后接一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的名詞詞組作賓語(yǔ)或當(dāng)其中的不定式所表示的動(dòng)作主語(yǔ)不直接參加時(shí)，不定式通常帶to： Help the little boys at the back of the hall to carry the chairs out. 請(qǐng)幫大廳后面那些小男孩把椅子搬出去。 These tablets will help you to sleep. 這些藥片將對(duì)你的睡眠有幫助。 (2) 在當(dāng)help用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，不定式前的to不能省略： The boy was helped by a woman to collect his scattered coins. 那男孩由一個(gè)婦女幫他撿拾散亂一地的錢幣。 4. why (not)…后省to的情況 在why (not)…?之后的不定式不能帶to： Why go with him? 為什么要同他一起去？ Why not ask the teacher? 為什么不去問(wèn)問(wèn)老師？ 5. 動(dòng)詞know后省to的情況 在“know+賓語(yǔ)+不定式”中，不定式有時(shí)省to，有時(shí)不省，可分以下兩種情況討論： (1) 若 know 為現(xiàn)在式，該結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式只限于 to be，且其中的to不能省略： I know him to be ill. 我知道他病了。 (2) 若know為完成式或過(guò)去式，則該結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式可以用除 to be外的其他動(dòng)詞，且此時(shí)其中的to可以省留： I never knew him (to) do such a thing. 我從未聽(tīng)說(shuō)他會(huì)干那種事。 We’ve never known him (to) tell a lie. 我們從未聽(tīng)說(shuō)他撒過(guò)謊。 但在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中不定式前的to不能省略。這樣用的know不僅僅表示一般意義的“知道”，而是表示一種經(jīng)歷，因此常譯為“曾…過(guò)”(用于肯定句時(shí))或“(從來(lái))沒(méi)有…過(guò)”(用于否定句時(shí))。 6. 介詞except和but后省to的情況 用作介詞except, but賓語(yǔ)的不定式有時(shí)帶to，有時(shí)不帶to。其大致原則是：若其前出現(xiàn)了動(dòng)詞 do，其后的不定式通常不帶 to；若其前沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)動(dòng)詞 do，則其后的不定式通常帶 to： I had no choice but to wait. 除了等，我沒(méi)有別的選擇。 He wanted nothing but to stay there. 他只想留在那兒。 It had no effect except to make him angry. 除惹他生氣外，沒(méi)產(chǎn)生任何效果。 She can do everything except cook. 除了做飯之外她什么都會(huì)。 7. 主語(yǔ)帶do表語(yǔ)省to的情況 當(dāng)主語(yǔ)部分有動(dòng)詞do的某種形式時(shí)，用作表語(yǔ)的不定式可以省略to： All you do now is (to) complete the form. 你現(xiàn)在要做的只是把這張表填好。 The only thing to do now is (to) go on. 前進(jìn)是現(xiàn)在惟一的出路。 What I’ll do is (to) tell her the truth. 我要做的就是告訴他真相。 8. 并列不定式省to的情況 當(dāng)兩個(gè)或多個(gè)作用相同的不定式并列時(shí)，通常只需在第一個(gè)不定式前用to，其余不定式前的to可以省略： He told me to stay there and wait him. 他叫我在那兒等他。 I’m really puzzled what to think or say. 我真不知該怎么想怎么說(shuō)。 It is easier to persuade people than (to) force them. 說(shuō)服人容易，強(qiáng)迫人難。 但是，如果兩者有對(duì)比關(guān)系，則后面不定式前的to不可省略： To try and fail is better than not to try at all. 嘗試而失敗總比不嘗試好。 9. 省略不定式是否保留to 在一定的上下文中，為了避免重復(fù)，有時(shí)不定式可以省略，但通常保留不定式符號(hào)to： I shall go if I want to. 如果我想去就去。 "Don’t be late." "I’ll try not to." “不要來(lái)晚了?！薄拔冶M量不來(lái)晚?！?/FONT> Don’t go till I tell you to. 等我叫你走你再走。 注：(1) 若被省略的不定式為to be短語(yǔ)，則通常應(yīng)保留be： He is not the man he used to be. 他已不是原來(lái)的那個(gè)樣子了。 (2) 有時(shí)省略不定式時(shí)，同時(shí)也可省略to： She may go if she likes (to). 他想去就可以去。 八、“wh-詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu) 1. 該結(jié)構(gòu)的句法功能 “wh-詞+不定式”主要用作賓語(yǔ)：： We must think what to do. 我們必須考慮怎么辦。 I can’t decide whom to invite. 我不能決定該邀請(qǐng)誰(shuí)。 He had no idea of how to do it. 他不知道如何做此事。 除用作賓語(yǔ)外，還可用作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等： When to leave has not been decided. 何時(shí)離開(kāi)還沒(méi)有決定。 The question is how to find him. 問(wèn)題是如何找到他。 2. 該結(jié)構(gòu)與why 原則上說(shuō)，why后不接不定式，不過(guò)若不定式不帶to，則可用why： Why not go there at once? 為什么不馬上去那兒呢? Why argue with her? 為什么要跟她爭(zhēng)論呢? 注：這類結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用于談?wù)摤F(xiàn)在和將來(lái)，不用于談?wù)撨^(guò)去： 誤：Why not clean the room yesterday? 正：Why didn’t you clean the room yesterday? 你昨天為什么不打掃房間? 3. 該結(jié)構(gòu)與how 有些動(dòng)詞后接“how+不定式”作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，how可省略： Did you learn (how) to drive a car? 你學(xué)過(guò)開(kāi)車嗎？ 但是，有些動(dòng)詞后面接“疑問(wèn)詞how+不定式”作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，盡管其中的how在漢語(yǔ)中無(wú)需譯出，但卻不能將how省略： He knows how to play the piano. 他會(huì)彈鋼琴。 He showed her how to swim. 他教她游泳。 Soon you’ll find out how to drive a car. 不久你就會(huì)學(xué)會(huì)開(kāi)車的。 We never discovered how to open the box. 我們一直未發(fā)現(xiàn)如何打開(kāi)這個(gè)盒子。 Can you explain how to make a cake? 你可以給我解釋一下怎么做蛋糕嗎？ 九、重點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)原創(chuàng)精練 1. _____ the seeds and they will grow. A. Water B. To water C. Watering D. Watered 2. The purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but ______ work for young people. A. provide B. to provide C. providing D. provided 3. He arrived at the office early, ______ a good example to the others. A. set B. to set C. to be set D. having set 4. Please make my excuse at tomorrow’s meeting — I’ve got too much work ____. A. to do to come B. doing coming C. to do coming D. to do coming 5. We looked everywhere for the keys, but they are nowhere _____. A. to find B. to have found C. to be found D. being found 6. After describing the planned improvements, she went on ______ how much they would cost. A. to explain B. explaining C. to be explaining D. having explained 7. To test eggs, _____ them in a bowl of water: if they float they’re bad, if they sink they’re good. A. put B. putting C. to put D. to be putting 8. Please remember ______ the plants while I’m away. A. watering B. to be watering C. to water D. being watering 9. ______ wine, first you must press the grapes. A. Making B. To make C. To be making D. Make 10. I’ve never been so poor _______ able to afford a meal. A. as to be not B. not as to be C. as not to be D. as to not be 11. I don’t know whether to stay in teaching or ______ another job. A. trying getting B. to try to get C. trying to get D. try get 12. I’ll have to change my clothes before I go out — I don’t want ______ like this. A. to see B. to be seeing C. to be seen D. being seen 13. In fact, she was the first woman ______to such a post. A. to elect B. to be electing C. to have elected D. to have been elected 14. I’d like ______ over the Alps and looking down at the mountains. A. flying B. being flying C. to be flying D. be flying 15. I’m learning _____ a cake. Can you explain _____ one? A. to make, to make B. how to make, to make C. to learn, how to make D. making, making 16. Whom would you rather _____ with you, Jim or Jack? A. have go B. have to go C. have gone D. has to go 17. The husband advised ______ to the south, but his wife advised him _____ up the idea. A. moving, giving B. to move, to give C. moving, to give D. to move, giving 18. “Would you like to come for a walk with me?” “I’d prefer _____, thank you.” A. not to B. to not C. not D. can’t 19. I would mend your radio, but I don’t know _____. A. how B. to C. how to D. to how 20. “I haven’t heard from Henry for a long time.” “What do you suppose _____ to him?” A. was happening B. to happen C. has happened D. had happened 21. When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person _____. A. to send B. for sending it C. to send it to D. for sending it to 22. “Do you know the girl in red?” “She seems _____ me at last month’s party. But I’m not sure. A. to introduce to B. to be introduced to C. being introduced to D. to have been introduced to 23. We all agreed ______ for another day, but Jim disagreed ______. A. to wait, to do so B. to wait, 不填 C. waiting, doing so D. waiting, 不填 24. He made up his mind to devote his life _____ pollution _____ happily. A. to prevent, to live B. to prevent, from living C. to preventing, to live D. to preventing, from living 25. I wish I’d been there — I would like _____ her face when his husband came in. A. to see B. to have seen C. seeing D. having seen
參考答案：01—05 ABBAC 06—10 AACBC 11—15 BCDCC 16—20 ACACC 21—25 CDBCB
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