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瞬間動詞與持續(xù)動詞

 最青菜1玩兒 2012-06-16

一、英語的行為動詞有持續(xù)性動詞和瞬間性動詞之分,使用中應(yīng)注意兩者的區(qū)別。

一、持續(xù)性動詞:表示一個動作可以持續(xù)一段時間或更長時間。常見的有study, play, do, read, learn, drive, write, clean, slean, sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay, write, sit, stand, lie, keep等。

二、瞬間性動詞:表示一個動作發(fā)生在一瞬間,非常短暫。亦稱終止性動詞。常見的有begin, start, finish, go, come, leave, find, get up, arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend, happen, join, lose, renew, die, take away, put up, set out, put on, get on/off等。以上已集中了初中教材的大部分持續(xù)性動詞及瞬間性動詞。

三、用法:1、以上兩類動詞都能用于現(xiàn)在完成時,表示動作到現(xiàn)在為止已結(jié)束,例如:He has studied English for three years.(他學(xué)英語已有3年了。)He has joined the Party.(他已入黨了。) Mum isn’t at home. She has gone to the library.(媽媽不在家,她去圖書館了。)

 2、持續(xù)性動詞在完成時中能與表示持續(xù)一段時間的狀語連用,而瞬間性動詞則不能。例如:His parents talked with the teacher for half an hour.(他的父母跟老師談了半個小時。)My mother has lain in bde for 3 days.(我母親生病臥床已經(jīng)三天了。)

My parents have lived in Shanghai since 1950.(我父母親從1950年起就住在上海了。)

3、瞬間性動詞在完成時中如要與表示持續(xù)一段時間的狀語連用,通常有兩種方法:(1)用意思相當(dāng)?shù)某掷m(xù)性動詞來替換,例如:He has been in the army/a soldier for htree years.(他參軍已有3年了。)不能用has joined   She has been up for quite some time.(她起床已有好久了。)不能用has got up      Has your brother been away from home for a long time?(你哥哥離家已有好久了嗎?)不能用has left  初中課本中的常用瞬間動詞相應(yīng)持續(xù)性動詞關(guān)系如下:1、go——be away   2、come——be here   3、come back——be back   4、leave——be away(be not here) 5、buy——have  6、borrow——keep  7、die——be dead   8、begin——be on   9、finish——be over 10、open——be open   11、close——be closed    12、lose——be lost   13、get to know——know   14、turn on——be on  15、get up——be up        16、sit down——sit/be seated   17、join——be in(…)或be a…member18、become——be

(2)用it is…since…結(jié)構(gòu)來替換瞬間動詞,例如:電影已經(jīng)開映5分鐘了。(兩種方法)The film has been on for five minutes.   It’s five minutes since the film began.他離開上海已有3天了。(兩種方法)He has been away from Shanghai for three days.  It is three days since he left Shanghai.這本書我還給圖書館已有兩周了。(一種方法)It’s two weeks since I returned the book to the library.   他找到他妹妹已有多久了?(一種方法) How long is it since be found his sister?

4、瞬間動詞的否定形式可以與表示一段時間的狀語連用,例如:I haven’t seen you for a long time.(好久沒見到你了。)

二、until和till兩者都可作介詞、連詞,一般情況下可以互換使用。用于肯定句時,主句的動詞只用延續(xù)性的,它所表示的動作一直延續(xù)到till或until表示的時間為止,意為“直到……為止”;用于否定句時,主句的動詞一般是非延續(xù)性的,也可以是延續(xù)性的,它所表示的動作直到till或until所表示的時間才發(fā)生,意為“直到……(才)”。如:She watched TV until / till her mother came back.她看電視直到她母親回來。(看電視的動作延續(xù)到母親回來才結(jié)束)She didn”t watch TV until / till her mother came back.直到她母親回來她才(開始)看電視。(看電視的動作直到她母親回來才發(fā)生)
為了同學(xué)們更為系統(tǒng)地掌握它們的用法,現(xiàn)將一些相關(guān)知識點作具體的介紹:
1. until和till可以作介詞或連詞。作介詞用時,后面接名詞或副詞;作連詞用時,常用來引導(dǎo)一個時間狀語從句。當(dāng)它們用于肯定句中,主句動詞常為延續(xù)性動詞,表示這個動作一直延續(xù)到till / until所表示的時間為止。當(dāng)它們引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句時往往要用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。如:They worked until / till six o”clock.他們一直工作到六點鐘。

He will wait for you until / till your mother comes.他將等你到你母親來。
2. not until / till意為“直到……才”,主句常用終止性動詞(即非延續(xù)性),表示until /till所表示的時間一到,該動作就發(fā)生。如:He didn”t go to bed until / till eleven last night.昨天夜里他直到十一點才上床睡覺。She didn”t know me until / till last week.她直到上一周才認識我。Einstein was not able to return to his homeland until the war was over.直到戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后愛因斯坦才得以回國。
注意:not until放在句首時要用倒裝語序,如上面第三個例句可以改為放在句首的倒裝句:Not until the war was over was Einstein able to return to his homeland.
3. 如果要放在句首,只能用until而不能用till,如:誤:Till I finished my homework, mother didn”t let me out.正:Until I finished my homework, mother didn”t let me out.直到我做完家庭作業(yè)媽媽才準我出去。
4. 強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中也常常出現(xiàn)not until結(jié)構(gòu),常見句型為:It is / was not until…that。如下面這個句子:
She didn”t find me until I called her from behind.直到我從后面叫她之后,她才發(fā)現(xiàn)了我。改為強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu):It was not until I called her from behind that she found me.注:但在強調(diào)句型中,not until置于句首構(gòu)成倒裝句以及until放在句首時,均不能用till替換until。例如:It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcast began.直到1920年才開始有定期的無線電廣播。Not until 12 o”clock last night did Tom come back.(倒裝句)昨晚直到十二點湯姆才回來。Until I was 20 I had never been away from my hometown.我二十歲以前,從未離開過家鄉(xiāng)

三、一、用"the same(as)"表示兩者相同。例如: 1. We are the same age.我們同齡。2. Our classroom is the same size as theirs.我們的教室和他們的一樣大。 二、用"different(from)"表示兩者不同。例如: 1. English is different from Chinese.英語和漢語不同。  2. To eat in a fast food restaurant is quite different from that in a Chinese restaurant.在快餐館和在中國餐館吃飯完全不同。 三、用"A +比較級 +B"句型表示A勝過B。例如: 1. Tom is taller than I am.湯姆比我高。  2. It is much colder today than it was yesterday.今天比昨天冷得多。 四、用固定搭配"as+adj. /adv.+as"表示兩者程度相同,"not as(so)+adj. /adv.+as" 表示前者不如后者。例如:1. I'm as tall as Jack is.我和杰克一樣高。 2. Alice doesn't listen to the teacher as carefully as Mary does.艾麗斯沒有瑪麗聽課認真。  五、用"prefer + A + to + B"表示喜愛A勝過B。例如: 1. I prefer apples to oranges.我喜歡蘋果勝過桔子。 2. Hill preferred death to turn-ing against his motherland.希爾寧死不叛國。 六、用"would rather...than..."表示"寧愿……而不愿……"。例如: My mother would rather stay at home than go for a picnic.我媽媽寧可呆在家里也不愿去野炊。

四、一、祈使句(Imperative Sentence) 定義:用于表達命令、請求、勸告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句,祈使句最常用于表達命令,因此在學(xué)校文法中也常稱為命令句。 祈使句因?qū)ο螅粗髡Z)是第二人稱,所以通常都省略。祈使句的動詞都為一般現(xiàn)在時,句末則使用句號來表示結(jié)束。例:Go and wash your hands. (去洗你的手?!睿? Be quiet, please.(Please be quiet.) (請安靜?!埱螅?Be kind to our sister. (對姊妹要和善?!獎窀妫?Watch your steps.
(走路小心?!妫?Look out!Danger! (小心!危險!——強烈警告,已如感嘆句) Keep off the grass. (勿踐草坪。——禁止) No parking. (禁止停車?!梗?祈使句也常把主語“You”表達出來,使對方聽起來覺得柔和些,例如: You go and tell him, Chris. (克立斯你去告訴他。)

二、相關(guān)口令 祈使句無主語, 主語you常省去;動詞原形謂語當(dāng), 句首加don't否定變;朗讀應(yīng)當(dāng)用降調(diào), 句末常標感嘆號。

三、表現(xiàn)形式 ●肯定結(jié)構(gòu): 1. Do型(即:動詞原形(+賓語)+其它成分)。如:Please have a seat here. 請這邊坐?!∮械钠硎咕湓谝馑济鞔_的情況下,動詞可省略。如:This way, please. = Go this way, please. 請這邊走。2. Be型(即:Be + 表語(名詞或形容詞)+其它成分)。如:Be a good boy! 要做一個好孩子!3. Let型(即:Let + 賓語 + 動詞原形 + 其它成分)。如:Let me help you. 讓我來幫你。●否定結(jié)構(gòu):1. Do型和Be型的否定式都是在句首加don't構(gòu)成。如:Don't forget me! 不要忘記我! Don't be late for school! 上學(xué)不要遲到!2. Let型的否定式有兩種:“Don't + let + 賓語 + 動詞原形 + 其它成分”和“Let + 賓語 + not + 動詞原形 + 其它成分”。如:Don't let him go. / Let him not go. 別讓他走。3. 有些可用no開頭,用來表示禁止性的祈使句。如:No smoking! 禁止吸煙!No fishing! 禁止釣魚!   練習(xí):將下列漢語翻譯成英語。1. 請照看好您的包。 ___________________.2. 讓我們?nèi)W(xué)校吧! ___________________!3. 親愛的,高興點兒! ___________________!4. 不要把書放這兒。 ___________________.5. 不要讓貓進來。 ___________________.Key:1. Please look after your bag 2. Let's go to school 3. Be glad, dear 4. Don't put the book here 5. Don't let the cat come in / Let the cat not come in

"let"帶頭的祈使句由"let"帶頭的祈使句(Imperative Sentences)是個常見的動詞句型,它的主要用法有下列三種: 1.表示“建議”。 這個句型里的"let"后頭緊跟著一個第一人稱的代詞賓語,如: (1) Let me try. (2) Let's do it. (3) Let me go and look for it. 這個句型語氣委婉,比直接的祈使句客氣。試比較(4)a和(4)b: (4) a. Don't disturb him. b. Let's not disturb him. (a)是直接命令,語氣強烈,不如(b)溫柔悅耳?!?.表示“間接命令”或“愿望”。  這句型里的動詞賓語是第三人稱名詞或代詞,如: (5) Let Robert take charge of the marketing department. (6) Let her join our choir. 3.表示“警告”、“蔑視”、“威脅”等。 這種祈使句里的賓語也是第三人稱為主。除了口氣兇悍之外,有時還語帶諷刺,如: (7) Let him try and he will expose his inability to work on his own.
(8) Let the invaders come and our armed forces will wipe them out in no time. 用"let"的祈使句時,必須注意下列幾點: 一、"let" 的否定句有二。如果賓語是第三人稱用"Don't let....."(見例(9));如果賓語是第一人稱,則用"Let......not" (見例(10)): (9) Don't let this type of things happen again. (10) It's raining now. Let's not go out until after the rain. 二、"Let"只適用于現(xiàn)在時態(tài),可以有被動語態(tài) (the passive voice),如: (11) Let the recalcitrant criminals be sent to prison. (12) Let all the dedicated capable staff be promoted. 三、"Let"后頭除了是不帶"to"的不定式動詞 (The infinitive without"to")之外,還可以是某些適當(dāng)?shù)母痹~,如out, in, down, alone等: (13) Let the puppy out. (14) Open the windows and let the fresh air in. (15) The room is too sunny. Let the blinds down. (16) Let me alone, please. 四、用"Let's"時,把談話者的對象包括在內(nèi);用"Let us"時,并不包括對方,如:  (17) Let's try it, shall we? (18) Let us do it by ourselves, will you? 從(17)里的"shall we"和(18)里的"will you",不難知道前者包括聽話人,后者并沒有

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