動詞不定式
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不定式是一種非限定性動詞。而非限定動詞是指那些在句中不能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)謂語的動詞,可分為不定式,動名詞,現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。它具有動詞的性質(zhì),本身可以帶賓語和狀語。動詞不定式在句中可以作句子任何成分。動詞不定式的被動形式除了一般形式外還有其完成式和進(jìn)行式。
簡介
1.不定式定義: 不定式是一種非限定性動詞。而非限定動詞是指那些在句中不能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)謂語的動詞,可分為不定式,動名詞,現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。 2.用途: 在句中不能作謂語。它具有動詞的性質(zhì),本身可以帶賓語和狀語。 3.形式: 動詞 + 不定式:由to+動詞原形構(gòu)成。 afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake 動詞不定式在句中可以作句子任何成分。動詞不定式的被動形式除了一般形式外還有其完成式和進(jìn)行式。
時態(tài)語態(tài)
動詞不定式及其短語還可以有自己的賓語、狀語,雖然動詞不定式在語法上沒有表面上的直接主語,但它表達(dá)的意義是動作,這一動作一定由使動者發(fā)出。這一使動者我們稱之為 邏輯主語,其形式如下: 主動形式 被動形式 一般式 (not) to make (not) to be made 完成式 (not) to have made (not) to have been made 進(jìn)行式 (not) to be making 完成進(jìn)行式 (not) to have been making (1)語態(tài) 如果動詞不定式的邏輯主語是這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者,不定式一般要用被動語態(tài)形式。如: It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.(不定式作主語) It was impossible for lost time to be made up.(不定式作主語) I wish to be sent to work in the country.(不定式作賓語) Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?(不定式作定語) He went to the hospital to be examined.(不定式作狀語) 在There be結(jié)構(gòu)中,修飾主語的不定式可用被動,也可用主動。如:There are still many things to t ake care of (to be taken care of).但有時兩種形式表達(dá)的意思不同,如:These is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.) (2)時態(tài) 1) 現(xiàn)在時:一般現(xiàn)在時表示的動詞,有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生,有時發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之后。 He seems to know this. I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再見到你。 2) 完成時:表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。 I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. He seems to have caught a cold. 3) 進(jìn)行時: 表示動作正在進(jìn)行,與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生。 He seems to be eating something. 4) 完成進(jìn)行時: She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
結(jié)構(gòu)
疑問詞who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式構(gòu)成不定式短語,在句中作主語、賓語、表 語等。如: ①When to leave for London has not been decided yet. (不定式在句子中做主語) ②Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there. (不定式在句子中做賓語) ③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. (不定式在句子中做間接賓語) ④The question was where to get the medicine needed. (不定式在句子中表語) 以上例句中疑問詞+不定式部分,均可轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的從句形式。如:①When we shall leave…③…how I could learn… 經(jīng)常在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中使用的動詞有:consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等。
語法功能
一、作主語 動詞不定式作主語時,句子的謂語動詞常用單數(shù),其位置有以下兩種: (1)把不定式置于句首。如: To get there by bike will take us half an hour. (2)用it作形式主語,把真正的主語不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如: ①It+be+名詞+to do It's our duty to take good care of the old. ②It takes sb+some time+to do How long did it take you to finish the work? ③It+be+形容詞+for sb+to do It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour. ④It+be+形容詞+of sb+to do It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays. ⑤It seems(appears)+形容詞+to do It seemed impossible to save money. 在句型③中,常用表示客觀情況的形容詞,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等;在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示贊揚(yáng)或批評的詞。在不定式前的sb,可看作其邏輯主語。這一句式有時相當(dāng)于Sb is+形容詞+to do句式 ,如:It'skind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English. (3)舉例 1) It's easy (for me) to do that.我做這事太容易了 easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better; the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough It's so nice to hear your voice. 聽到你的聲音真高興。 It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 當(dāng)你不用車的時候,鎖車是有必要的。 2) It's very kind of him to help us. 他幫助我們,他真好。 Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的) 例句: It was silly of us to believe him. 我們真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西,這顯得太自私了。 注意:1) 其他系動詞如,look,appear等也可用于此句型 2) 不定式作為句子成分時,動詞用單數(shù)形式。 3) 當(dāng)不定式作主語的句子中又有一個不定式作表語時,不能用It is… to…的句型 (對)To see is to believe. 百聞不如一見。 (錯)It is to believe to see. 二、作賓語 1) 動詞+ 不定式 afford. aim. appear. agree. arrange . ask . be . decide. bother . care . choose . come. dare. demand. desire. determine . expect. elect . endeavor .hope. fail . happen . help . hesitate .learn . long . mean. manage . offer . ought. plan . prepare. pretend . promise. refuse. seem. tend. wait . wish. undertake. 舉例: The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司機(jī)沒能及時看見另一輛車。 I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。 2)動詞+不定式 ;動詞+賓語+不定式 ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish… I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。 I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡你使每件東西都保持整潔。 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和湯姆談話。 I want you to speak to Tom. 我想讓你和湯姆談話。 3) 動詞+疑問詞+ to decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell Please show us how to do that. 請演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ觥?br>There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機(jī),我都拿不定主意買哪一種。 注意:疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 The question is how to put it into practice. 問題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施。 4)以下動詞后,只能跟不定式作賓語。 如:agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare, pretend,promise,refuse,wish 等,這些詞大部分可接that引導(dǎo)的從句。如: I decided to ask for my money back. I decided that I would ask for my money back. When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot. When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot. 5)當(dāng)復(fù)合賓語中的賓語是不定式時,先用形式賓語it代替不定式,把不定式置于補(bǔ)語之后,即:主語+動 詞+it+補(bǔ)語+to do句式。如: We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well. He feels it his duty to help the poor. 三、作補(bǔ)語 1) 動詞+賓語+不定式(to do) advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn 例句: a. Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。 b. We believe him to be guilty. 我們相信他是有罪的。 Find 的特殊用法: Find 后可用分詞做賓補(bǔ),或先加形式賓語,再加形容詞,最后加帶to 的動詞不定式。find后也可帶一個從句。此類動詞還有g(shù)et,have。 I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn. I found that to learn English is important. 典型例題: The next morning she found the man ___ in bed,dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 答案:A.find的賓語后面,用分詞或分詞短語,起賓語補(bǔ)足語作用。現(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)主動,也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行,過去分詞表達(dá)被動。 2) to + be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu),作補(bǔ)語的動詞。 Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(聲稱), discover, fancy(設(shè)想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以為), understand We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我們認(rèn)為湯姆是班上最好的學(xué)生之一。 典型例題 Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 答案:A. 由consider to dosth. 排除B、D。. 此句只說明發(fā)明這一個事實(shí),不定式后用原形即可。而C為現(xiàn)在完成時,發(fā)明為點(diǎn)動詞一般不用完成時,且此處也不強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響,因此不選C。 3) to be +形容詞 Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean… The book is believed to be uninteresting. 人們認(rèn)為這本書沒什么意思。 4) there be+不定式 believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我們沒料到會有那么多人在哪里。 有些動詞需用as 短語做補(bǔ)語,如regard, think believe, take, consider. We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。 Mary took him as her father . 瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。 四、作表語 不定式作表語表示具體動作或?qū)韯幼?;動名詞作表語表示抽象的一般行為。 ①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. ②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter. ③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting. 當(dāng)主語和表語都是不定式時,其含義一是條件,一是結(jié)果(例①)。當(dāng)主語是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等為中心詞的名詞詞組(例②)時,或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性分句(例③),不定 式說明主語的內(nèi)容。 ④Our work is serving the people. ⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper. ⑥The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting. ④⑤句動名詞作表語,與主語部分可以轉(zhuǎn)換,如Serving thepeople is our work,而⑥句中是現(xiàn)在分詞作 表語,說明主語的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài),現(xiàn)在分詞具有形容詞的各種特征,另外,動名詞作表語還應(yīng)與進(jìn)行時態(tài)區(qū)別開 來。 五、作狀語 1)目的狀語 To… only to (僅僅為了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……) He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。 I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我來僅僅是向你告別。 2)作結(jié)果狀語,表事先沒有預(yù)料到的,要放在句子后面。 What have I said to make you angry. He searched the room only to find nothing. 3) 表原因 I'm glad to see you. 典型例題 The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___. A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on 答案:B. 如果不定式為不及物動詞,其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。當(dāng)動詞與介詞連用時,常位于"形容詞+動詞不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)的末尾。 六、作定語 ⒈不定式作定語 不定式在句中作定語,置于被修飾的名詞或代詞之后。如: ①The next train to arrive is from Washington. ②Have you anything to be taken to your sister? ③Do you have anything to say on the question? ④Would you please give me some paper to write on? ⑤My wish to visit France has come true at last. 不定式短語作定語和被修飾詞之間表示以下關(guān)系: (1)表示將來的動作(例①)。 (2)與被修飾詞之間有動賓關(guān)系,如是不及物動詞,則需加介詞(例④)。 (3)與被修飾詞之間有動賓關(guān)系,同時與句中其它詞之間又有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時,盡管有被動含義,卻仍 用主動語態(tài)(例③);如只有動賓關(guān)系,而無邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,則需用被動語態(tài)(例②)。 (4)不定式作定語時,一般可轉(zhuǎn)換為定語從句,例①to arrive=that will arrive。
舉例:
The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司機(jī)沒能及時看見另一輛車。 I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道問題的 答案。 動詞+不定式 ; 動詞+賓語+不定式 ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish… I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。 I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡你年使每件東西都保持整潔。 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和湯姆談話。 I want you to speak to Tom. 我想讓你和湯姆談話。 動詞+疑問詞+ to decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell Please show us how to do that. 請演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ觥? There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can’t make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機(jī),我都拿不定主意買哪一種。 注意:疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 The question is how to put it into practice. 問題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施。 7.1 不定式作賓語 1) 動詞+ 不定式 afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake 舉例: The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司機(jī)沒能及時看見另一輛車。 I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。 2)動詞+不定式 ; 動詞+賓語+不定式 ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish… I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。 I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡你年使每件東西都保持整潔。 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和湯姆談話。 I want you to speak to Tom. 我想讓你和湯姆談話。 3) 動詞+疑問詞+ to decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell Please show us how to do that. 請演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ觥? There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can’t make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機(jī),我都拿不定主意買哪一種。 注意:疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 The question is how to put it into practice. 問題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施。 7.2 不定式作補(bǔ)語 1) 動詞+賓語+不定式(to do) advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn 例句: a. Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。 b. We believe him to be guilty. 我們相信他是有罪的。 Find 的特殊用法: Find 后可用分詞做賓補(bǔ),或先加形式賓語,再加形容詞,最后加帶to 的動詞不定式。find后也可帶一個從句。此類動詞還有g(shù)et,have。 I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn. I found that to learn English is important. 典型例題: The next morning she found the man ___ in bed,dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 答案:A.find的賓語后面,用分詞或分詞短語,起賓語補(bǔ)足語作用?,F(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)主動,也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行,過去分詞表達(dá)被動。 2) to + be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu),作補(bǔ)語的動詞。 Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(聲稱), discover, fancy(設(shè)想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以為), understand We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我們認(rèn)為湯姆是班上最好的學(xué)生之一。 典型例題 Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 答案:A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只說明發(fā)明這一個事實(shí),不定式后用原形即可。而C為現(xiàn)在完成時,發(fā)明為點(diǎn)動詞一般不用完成時,且此處也不強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響,因此不選C。 3) to be +形容詞 Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean… The book is believed to be uninteresting. 人們認(rèn)為這本書沒什么意思。 4) there be+不定式 believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand We didn’t expect there to be so many people there.我們沒料到會有那么多人在哪里。 注意 : 有些動詞需用as 短語做補(bǔ)語,如regard, think believe, take, consider. We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。 Mary took him as her father . 瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。 7.3 不定式主語 1) It’s easy (for me) to do that.我做這事太容易了 easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better; the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough It’s so nice to hear your voice. 聽到你的聲音真高興。 It’s necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 當(dāng)你不用車的時候,鎖車是有必要的。 2) It’s very kind of you to help us. 他幫助我們,他真好。 Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的) 例句: It was silly of us to believe him. 我們真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西,這顯得太自私了。 注意:1) 其他系動詞如,look,appear等也可用于此句型 2) 不定式作為句子成分時,動詞用單數(shù)形式。 3) 當(dāng)不定式作主語的句子中又有一個不定式作表語時,不能用It is… to…的句型 (對)To see is to believe. 百聞不如一見。 (錯)It is to believe to see. 7.4 It’s for sb.和 It’s of sb. 1)for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn),表示客觀形式的形容詞,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等: It’s very hard for him to study two languages. 對他來說學(xué)兩門外語是很難的。 2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。 It’s very nice of you to help me. 你來幫助我,你真是太好了。 for 與of 的辨別方法: 用介詞后面的代詞作主語,用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語,造個句子。如果道理上通順用of,不通則用for。如: You are nice. (通順,所以應(yīng)用of)。 He is hard. (人是困難的,不通,因此應(yīng)用for。) 7.5 不定式作表語 不定式可放在be動詞后面,形成表語。例如: My work is to clean the room every day. His dream is to be a doctor. 7.6 不定式作定語 不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后。例如: I have a lot of work to do. So he made some candles to give light. 7.7 不定式作狀語 1)目的狀語 To… only to (僅僅為了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……) He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。 I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我來僅僅是向你告別。 2)作結(jié)果狀語,表事先沒有預(yù)料到的,要放在句子后面。 What have I said to make you angry. He searched the room only to find nothing. 3) 表原因 I’m glad to see you. 典型例題 The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___. A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on 答案:B. 如果不定式為不及物動詞,其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。當(dāng)動詞與介詞連用時,常位于"形容詞+動詞不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)的末尾。 7.8 用作介詞的to to 有兩種用法: 一為不定式+動詞原形; 一為介詞+名詞/動名詞, to 在下面的用法中是第二種,即to+ 名詞/動名詞: admit to承認(rèn), confess to承認(rèn), be accustomed to 習(xí)慣于, be used to 習(xí)慣于, stick to 堅(jiān)持, turn to開始,著手于, devote oneself to 獻(xiàn)身于, be devoted to 致力于, look forward to 盼望, pay attention to 注意 7.9 省to 的動詞不定式 1) 情態(tài)動詞 ( 除ought 外,ought to): 2) 使役動詞 let, have, make: 3) 感官動詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補(bǔ),省略to。 注意:在被動語態(tài)中則to 不能省掉。 I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night. =They were made to work the whole night. 4)would rather,had better: 5)Why… / why not…: 6)help 可帶to,也可不帶to, help sb (to) do sth: 7)but和except:but前是動詞do時,后面出現(xiàn)的動詞用不帶to的動詞不定式。 8)由and, or和than連接的兩個不定式,第二個to 可以省去: 9)通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后,可以省去to be: He is supposed (to be) nice. 他應(yīng)該是個好人。 舉例: He wants to move to France and marry the girl. He wants to do nothing but go out. 比較: He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 典型例題 1) ---- I usually go there by train. ---- Why not ___ by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going 答案:D. why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式,因此選D。 2) Paul doesn’t have to be made ___. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 答案:B. make后接不帶to 的動詞不定式,當(dāng)其用于被動時,to 不可省略。 7.10 動詞不定式的否定式 Tell him not to shut the window… She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過的時候,她假裝沒看見。 典型例題 1)Tell him ___ the window. A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut 答案:B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式為tell sb not to do sth. 2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by. A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen 答案:A。 pretend 后應(yīng)接不定式。其否定形式為pretend not to do sth.。 3)Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive 答案:A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth. 此處用的是否定詞never. 4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him ____. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 答案:A。not to 為not to do it 的省略形式??梢灾挥胻o這個詞,而不必重復(fù)整個不定式詞組。及物動詞do后應(yīng)有名詞、代詞等,否則不對,因此B,D不對。 5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation. A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating 答案:C。warn一詞要求后用不定式,此處為不定式的被動,否定形式為be warned not to do。 7.11 不定式的特殊句型too…to… 1)too…to 太…以至于… He is too excited to speak. 他太激動了,說不出話來。 --- Can I help you ? 需要我?guī)兔? --- Well, I’m afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。箱子太重,恐怕你搬不動。謝謝您。 2) 如在too前有否定詞,則整個句子用否定詞表達(dá)肯定, too 后那個詞表達(dá)一種委婉含義,意 為"不太"。 It’s never too late to mend. (諺語) 改過不嫌晚。 3) 當(dāng)too 前面有only, all, but時,意思是:非常… 等于very。 I’m only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高興能幫助你。 He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。 7.12 不定式的特殊句型so as to 1) 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。 Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 湯姆對事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。 Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 輕點(diǎn)進(jìn)去,別驚醒了嬰兒。 2) so kind as to ---勞駕 Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 勞駕,現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)了。 7.13 不定式的特殊句型Why not "Why not +動詞原形"表達(dá)向某人提出建議,翻譯為:"為什么不……?" "干嗎不……?" 例如: Why not take a holiday? 干嗎不去度假? 7.14 不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài) 時態(tài)\語態(tài) 主動 被動 一般式 to do to be done 進(jìn)行式 to be doing 完成式 to have done to have been done 完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing 1) 現(xiàn)在時:一般現(xiàn)在時表示的動詞,有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生,有時發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之后。 He seems to know this. I hope to see you again. = I hope that I’ll see you again. 我希望再見到你。 2) 完成時:表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。 I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble. He seems to have caught a cold. 3) 進(jìn)行時: 表示動作正在進(jìn)行,與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生。 He seems to be eating something. 4) 完成進(jìn)行時: She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years. 7.15 動名詞與不定式 1) 動名詞與不定式的區(qū)別: 動名詞表達(dá)的是: 狀態(tài),性質(zhì),心境,抽象,經(jīng)常性,已發(fā)生的 不定式表達(dá)的是: 目的,結(jié)果,原因,具體,一次性,將發(fā)生的 2) 接不定式或動名詞,意義相同。 3) 動名詞與不定式語義不同的有11 組: 1 stop to do stop doing 2 forget to do forget doing 3 remember to do remember doing 4 regret to do regret doing 5 cease to do cease doing 6 try to do try doing 7 go on to do go on doing 8 afraid to do afraid doing 9 interested to do interested doing 10 mean to do mean doing 11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing
七、省to 的動詞不定式 1) 情態(tài)動詞 ( 除ought 外,ought to):
2) 使役動詞 let, have, make:
3) 感官動詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補(bǔ),省略to。
I saw him dance.
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night.
=They were made to work the whole night.
4) would rather,had better:
5) Why… / why not…:
6) help 可帶to,也可不帶to, help sb (to) do sth:
7) but和except:but前是動詞do時,后面出現(xiàn)的動詞用不帶to的動詞不定式。
8) 由and, or和than連接的兩個不定式,第二個to 可以省去:
9) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后,可以省去to be:
He is supposed (to be) nice. 他應(yīng)該是個好人。
10)but作介詞,后接不定式結(jié)構(gòu)時,前面謂語動詞部分若含有do的形式時,but后的不定式要省去to,否則要帶to。
He wants to do nothing but go out.
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
11)當(dāng)兩個或多個不定時短語由 連詞and,but或or連接時,后一個或幾個不定式符號to常省略。但若表示對比、對照關(guān)系時,則不能省略。
He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,not to make it more difficult.
12)不定式做表語時,一般要帶to,但若主語部分中含有do的各種形式時,符號to可省去。
We've missed the last bus.All we could do now is walk home.
舉例:
He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
He wants to do nothing but go out.
比較:He wants to do nothing but go out.
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
典型例題
1)—I usually go there by train.
—Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
答案:D. why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式,因此選D。
2) Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案:B. make后接不帶to 的動詞不定式,當(dāng)其用于被動時,to 不可省略。
百度百科不定式
時態(tài) |
主動形式 |
被動形式 |
一般式 |
(not)to do |
(not)to be done |
完成式 |
(not)to have done |
(not)to have been done |
進(jìn)行式 |
(not)to be doing |
|
完成進(jìn)行式 |
(not)to have been doing |
|
1) 現(xiàn)在時:一般現(xiàn)在時表示的動詞,有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生,有時發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之后。
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再見到你。
2) 完成時:表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很抱歉給你添了這么多麻煩。
He seems to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。
3) 進(jìn)行時:表示動作正在進(jìn)行,與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生。
He seems to be eating something.他似乎吃一些。
4) 完成進(jìn)行時:
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
1) 動詞+ 不定式
afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake
舉例:
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司機(jī)沒能及時看見另一輛車。
I happen to know the answer to your question.
我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。
2)動詞+不定式 ;動詞+賓語+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡你能使每件東西都保持整潔。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和湯姆談話。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想讓你和湯姆談話。
3)動詞+疑問詞+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that. 請演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ觥?
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機(jī),我都拿不定主意買哪一種。
注意:疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
The question is how to put it into practice.
問題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施。
1) 動詞+賓語+不定式(to do)
advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn
例句:
a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.
父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。
b. We believe him to be guilty.
我們相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法:
Find 后可用分詞做賓補(bǔ),或先加 形式賓語,再加形容詞,最后加帶to 的動詞不定式。find后也可帶一個從句。此類動詞還有g(shù)et,have。
I found him lying on the ground.
I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
典型例題:
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed,dead.
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
答案:A.find的賓語后面,用分詞或分詞短語,起賓語補(bǔ)足語作用。現(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)主動,也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行,過去分詞表達(dá)被動。
2) to + be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu),作補(bǔ)語的動詞。
Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(聲稱), discover, fancy(設(shè)想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以為), understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
我們認(rèn)為湯姆是班上最好的學(xué)生之一。
典型例題
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案:A. 由consider to dosth. 排除B、D。. 此句只說明發(fā)明這一個事實(shí),不定式后用原形即可。而C為現(xiàn)在完成時,發(fā)明為點(diǎn)動詞一般不用完成時,且此處也不強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響,因此不選C。
3) to be +形容詞
Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…
The book is believed to be uninteresting.
人們認(rèn)為這本書沒什么意思。
4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我們沒料到會有那么多人在哪里。
有些動詞需用as 短語做補(bǔ)語,如regard, think believe, take, consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。
Mary took him as her father . 瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。
編輯本段三、作主語
1) It's easy (for me) to do that.我做這事太容易了
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;
the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
It's so nice to hear your voice.
聽到你的聲音真高興。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
當(dāng)你不用車的時候,鎖車是有必要的。
2) It's very kind of him to help us. 他幫助我們,他真好。
Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
例句:
It was silly of us to believe him. 我們真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西,這顯得太自私了。
注意:
1) 其他系動詞如,look,appear等也可用于此句型。
2) 不定式作為句子成分時,動詞用單數(shù)形式。
3) 當(dāng)不定式作主語的句子中又有一個不定式作表語時,不能用It is… to…的句型
(對)To see is to believe. 百聞不如一見。
(錯)It is to believe to see.
編輯本段四、作表語
不定式可放在系動詞(例如be動詞)后面,形成表語。例如:
My work is to clean the room every day.
His dream is to be a doctor.
編輯本段五、作定語
不定式作表語表示具體動作或?qū)韯幼?;動名詞作表語表示抽象的一般行為。
①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
?、贛y chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter.
?、踂hat I would suggest is to put off the meeting.
當(dāng)主語和表語都是不定式時,其含義一是條件,一是結(jié)果(例①)。當(dāng)主語是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等為中心詞的名詞詞組(例②)時,或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性分句(例③),不定 式說明主語的內(nèi)容。
?、躉ur work is serving the people.
⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper.
?、轙he story told by Mr.Wang is interesting.
④⑤句動名詞作表語,與主語部分可以轉(zhuǎn)換,如Serving thepeople is out work,而⑥句中是現(xiàn)在分詞作 表語,說明主語的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài),現(xiàn)在分詞具有形容詞的各種特征,另外,動名詞作表語還應(yīng)與進(jìn)行時態(tài)區(qū)別開 來。
編輯本段六、作狀語
1)目的狀語
To… only to (僅僅為了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我來僅僅是向你告別。
2)作結(jié)果狀語,表事先沒有預(yù)料到的,要放在句子后面。
What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
3) 表原因
I'm glad to see you.
典型例題
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案:B. 如果不定式為不及物動詞,其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。當(dāng)動詞與介詞連用時,常位于"形容詞+動詞不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)的末尾。
編輯本段八、 動詞不定式的否定式
Tell him not to shut the window…
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過的時候,她假裝沒看見。
典型例題
1)Tell him ___ the window.
A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut
D. not shut
答案:B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式為tell sb not to do sth.
2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by.
A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see
D. having not seen
答案:A。 pretend 后應(yīng)接不定式。其否定形式為pretend not to do sth.。
3)Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never driver
C. never driving D. never drive
答案:A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth. 此處用的是否定詞never.
4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him ____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it
D. do not to
答案:A。not to 為not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to這個詞,而不必重復(fù)整個不定式詞組。及物動詞do后應(yīng)有名詞、 代詞等,否則不對,因此B,D不對。
5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat
D. not eating
答案:C。warn一詞要求后用不定式,此處為不定式的被動,否定形式為be warned not to do。
編輯本段九、不定式的特殊句型too…to…
1)too…to 太…以至于…
He is too excited to speak.
他太激動了,說不出話來。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我?guī)兔?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。這箱子太重,恐怕你搬不動。謝謝您。
2) 如在too前有否定詞,則整個句子用否定詞表達(dá)肯定, too 后那個詞表達(dá)一種委婉含義,意為"不太"。
It's never too late to mend. (諺語)
改過不嫌晚。(亡羊補(bǔ)牢,為時不晚)
3) 當(dāng)too 前面有only, all, but時,意思是:非常… 等于very。
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高興能幫助你。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
編輯本段十、 不定式的特殊句型
1、不定式的特殊句型so as to
1) 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.
湯姆對事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
輕點(diǎn)進(jìn)去,別驚醒了嬰兒。
2) so kind as to ---勞駕
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?
勞駕,現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)了。
2、 "Why not +動詞原形"表達(dá)向某人提出建議
"為什么不……?" "干嗎不……?"
例如:
Why not take a holiday?
干嗎不去度假?
3、It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
1)for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn),表示客觀形式的形容詞,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 對他來說學(xué)兩門外語是很難的。
2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me. 你來幫助我,你真是太好了。
for 與of 的辨別方法:
用介詞后面的代詞作主語,用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語,造個句子。如果道理上通順用of,不通則用for。如:
You are nice. (通順,所以應(yīng)用of)。
He is hard. (人是困難的,不通,因此應(yīng)用for。)
4、不定式的特殊句型too…to…
1)too…to 太…以至于…
He is too excited to speak.
他太激動了,說不出話來。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我?guī)兔?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。這箱子太重,恐怕你搬不動。謝謝您。
2) 如在too前有否定詞,則整個句子用否定詞表達(dá)肯定, too 后那個詞表達(dá)一種委婉含義,意 為"不太"。
It's never too late to mend. (諺語)
改過不嫌晚。(亡羊補(bǔ)牢,為時不晚)
3) 當(dāng)too 前面有only, all, but時,意思是:非常… 等于very。
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高興能幫助你。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
編輯本段注意區(qū)別用作介詞的to
to 有兩種用法: 一為不定式+動詞原形; 一為介詞+名詞/ 動名詞, to 在下面的用法中是第二種,即to+ 名詞/動名詞:
admit to承認(rèn),confess to承認(rèn),be accustomed to 習(xí)慣于,be used to 習(xí)慣于, stick to 堅(jiān)持, turn to開始,著手于, devote oneself to 獻(xiàn)身于, be devoted to 致力于, look forward to 盼望,pay attention to 注意
編輯本段省to 的動詞不定式
1) 情態(tài)動詞 ( 除ought 外,ought to):
2) 使役動詞 let, have, make:
3) 感官動詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補(bǔ),省略to。
注意:在被動語態(tài)中則to 不能省掉。
I saw him dance.
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night.
=They were made to work the whole night.
4) would rather,had better:
5) Why… / why not…:
6) help 可帶to,也可不帶to, help sb (to) do sth:
7) but和except:but前是動詞do時,后面出現(xiàn)的動詞用不帶to的動詞不定式。
8) 由and, or和than連接的兩個不定式,第二個to 可以省去:
9) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后,可以省去to be:
He is supposed (to be) nice. 他應(yīng)該是個好人。
舉例:
He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
He wants to do nothing but go out.
比較: He wants to do nothing but go out.
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
典型例題
1) ---- I usually go there by train.
---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
答案:D. why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式,因此選D。
2) Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案:B. make后接不帶to 的動詞不定式,當(dāng)其用于被動時,to 不可省略。
編輯本段動名詞與不定式的特殊用法
1) 動名詞與不定式的區(qū)別:
動名詞表達(dá)的是: 狀態(tài),性質(zhì),心境,抽象,經(jīng)常性,已發(fā)生的 不定式表達(dá)的是: 目的,結(jié)果,原因,具體,一次性,將發(fā)生的
2) 接不定式或動名詞,意義相同。
3) 動名詞與不定式語義不同的有11 組:
1 stop to do stop doing
2 forget to do forget doing
3 remember to do remember doing
4 regret to do regret doing
5 cease to do cease doing
6 try to do try doing
7 go on to do go on doing
8 afraid to do afraid doing
9 interested to do interested doing
10 mean to do mean doing
11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing
1 forget doing/to do
forget to do 忘記要去做某事。 (未做)
forget doing 忘記做過某事。 (已做)
The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.
辦公室的燈還在亮著,它忘記關(guān)了。(沒有做關(guān)燈的動作)
He forgot turning the light off.
他忘記他已經(jīng)關(guān)了燈了?!? 已做過關(guān)燈的動作)
Don't forget to come tomorrow.
別忘了明天來?!?to come動作未做)
典型例題
---- The light in the office is still on.
---- Oh,I forgot___.
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned
it off
答案:C。由the light is still on 可知燈亮著,即關(guān)燈的動作沒有發(fā)生,因此用forget to do sth.
而forget doing sth表示燈已經(jīng)關(guān)上了,而自己忘記了這一事實(shí)。此處不符合題意。
2 stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止,中斷做某事后去做另一件事。
stop doing 停止做某事。
They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他們停下來,抽了根煙。
I must stop smoking.. 我必須戒煙了。
典型例題
She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the
side of the path.
A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
答案:C。由題意可知,她到了山頂,停下來在一個路邊的大石頭上休息。因此,應(yīng)選擇"stop to do sth.
停下來去做另一件事"。而不僅僅是爬山動作的終止,所以stop doing sth.不正確。
3 remember doing/to do
remember to do 記得去做某事 (未做)
remember doing 記得做過某事 (已做)
Remember to go to the post office after school.
記著放學(xué)后去趟郵局。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?
你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?
4 regret doing/to do
regret to do 對要做的事遺憾。 (未做)
regret doing 對做過的事遺憾、后悔?!?已做)
I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.
我很遺憾必須這樣去做,我實(shí)在沒有辦法。
I don't regret telling her what I thought.
我不為告訴她我的想法而后悔。
典型例題
---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
---Well, now I regret ___ that.
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
答案:D。regret having done sth. 對已發(fā)生的事感到遺憾。regret to do sth.
對將要做的事感到遺憾。本題為對已說的話感到后悔,因此選D。
5 cease doing/to do
cease to do 長時間,甚至永遠(yuǎn)停做某事。
cease doing 短時停止做某事,以后還會接著做。
That department has ceased to exist forever.
那個部門已不復(fù)存在。
The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.
姑娘們在老師走過時,停止了聊天。
6 try doing/to do
try to do 努力,企圖做某事。
try doing 試驗(yàn),試著做某事。
You must try to be more careful.
你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed.
我試著種果木花卉,但未成功。
7 go on doing/to do
go on to do 做了一件事后,接著做另一件事。
go on doing 繼續(xù)做原來做的事。
After he had finished his maths,he went on to do his physics.
做完數(shù)學(xué)后,他接著去做物理。
Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.
作完這個練習(xí)后,接著做其他的練習(xí)
8 be afraid doing/to do
be afraid to do 不敢,膽怯去做某事,是主觀上的原因不去做,意為"怕";
be afraid of doing 擔(dān)心出現(xiàn)doing的狀況、結(jié)果。 doing 是客觀上造成的,意為"生怕,恐怕"。
She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being
bitten by a snake.
她生怕被蛇咬著,而不敢在草叢中再走一步。
She was afraid to wake her husband.
她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
She was afraid of waking her husband.
她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
.9 be interested doing/to do
interested to do 對做某事感興趣,想了解某事。
interested in doing 對某種想法感興趣,doing 通常為想法。
I shall be interested to know what happens.
我很想知道發(fā)生了什么事。 (想了解)
I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?
我對在瑞士工作感興趣。你想過這事嗎? (一種想法)
10 mean to doing/to do
mean to do 打算、想
mean doing 意味著
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.
我想去,但是我父親不肯讓我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.
贈加工資意味著增加購買力。
11 begin(start) doing/to do
begin / start to do sth
begin / start doing sth.
1) 談及一項(xiàng)長期活動或開始一種習(xí)慣時,使用doing.
How old were you when you first started playing the piano?
你幾歲時開始彈鋼琴?
2) begin, start用進(jìn)行時時,后面動詞用不定式to do
I was beginning to get angry。
我開始生起氣來。
3) 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize這類動詞時,常用不定式to do。
I begin to understand the truth。
我開始明白真相。
4) 物作主語時
It began to melt.
12 感官動詞 + doing/to do
感官動詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste,
feel + do 表示動作的完整性,真實(shí)性;+doing 表示動作的連續(xù)性,進(jìn)行性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)"我看見了"這個事實(shí))
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(強(qiáng)調(diào)"我見他正干活"這個動作)
昨天我見他正在花園里干活。
典型例題
1)They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
答案:A。因題意為,他們看著她長大,因此強(qiáng)調(diào)的是成長的過程,而非正在長的動作,因此用see sb do sth 的句型。
2)The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
答案A. 本題強(qiáng)調(diào)其動作,正在河邊玩,應(yīng)此用see sb. doing sth句型。
編輯本段不定式一般式的用法
一、表示將來
即表示發(fā)生在謂語動作之后的動作。如:
We decided to leave early. 我們決定早點(diǎn)動身。
I hope to finish reading the book tonight. 我希望今晚看完這本書。
I should like to give him a chance. 我愿意給他一個機(jī)會。
He asked me to buy him some paper. 他叫我給他買些紙。
We expect him to come in time. 我們希望他能及時來。
二、表示同時
表示與謂語動作同時發(fā)生的動作。如:
He seems to be tired. 他似乎累了。
注:以下用作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式省略了to:
Who heard him say that? 是誰聽到他這樣說的?
Did you notice me pause? 你注沒注意我停頓了一下?
三、表示過去
表示略先于謂語動作的動作。如:
I’m sorry to hear that. 聽到這事我很難過。(to hear 略先于am sorry)
Helen was pleased to see him. 海倫見到他很高興。
I’m happy to meet you at last. 我很高興我終于碰到了你。
I’m glad to see you looking so happy. 我很高興看到你顯得這樣快活。
編輯本段不定式進(jìn)行式的用法
一、表示同時
表示與謂語動作同時發(fā)生且正在進(jìn)行的動作。如:
He seems to be saying something. 他似乎在說什么。
He is thought to be hiding in the woods. 人們認(rèn)為他躲在林子里。
It’s nice to be sitting here with you. 和你一起坐在這兒真好。
Why’s she so late?—She can’t still be working. 她怎么這么晚還不來?——她不可能還在工作吧。
二、表示將來
正如可用進(jìn)行時態(tài)表示將來意義一樣,不定式的進(jìn)行式有時也可表示將來。如:
He was happy to be coming home. 就要回家了他感到高興。
The old man seems to be dying. 這老人似乎要死了。
編輯本段不定式完成式的用法
一、表示發(fā)生在謂語動作之前的動作:
He seems to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。
I hate to have quarreled with her. 我后悔和她吵架了。
I believe it to have been a mistake. 我相信這是一個錯誤。
You appear to have travelled quite a lot. 你似乎作過多次旅行。
I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble. 對不起給了你這么多麻煩。
It’s said to have been built in the Ming dynasty. 據(jù)說它是明朝修建的。
二、表示在某個給定的時間之前已完成的動作:
I hope to have finished the work by now. 我希望現(xiàn)在以前已完成這項(xiàng)工作。
三、表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法和愿望:
I should like to have come earlier. 我本想早點(diǎn)來的。
We were to have been married last year. 我們本來打算去年結(jié)婚的。
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