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限制性定語(yǔ)和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句怎么區(qū)分

 昵稱4873900 2010-12-01

級(jí)別:大四

2009-02-23 15:30:41
來(lái)自:河南省
限制性定語(yǔ)從句:
限制性定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)先行詞起限制、修飾的作用,關(guān)系代詞有that,which,whom,who,whose以及關(guān)系副詞when,where等,沒有明顯的逗號(hào)把從句與主語(yǔ)分開,表達(dá)的意思為被修飾詞的一個(gè)定語(yǔ)。
例句:
Do you know the professor who is speaking at the meeting?
Where is the book which I bought this morning?

非限制性定語(yǔ)從句:
作用相當(dāng)于一種插入語(yǔ)或者對(duì)先行詞的一種解釋,和先行詞之間只有比較松散的關(guān)系,文字中常常用逗號(hào)將其與主句分開,用法其實(shí)與限制性定語(yǔ)從句極為相似,只是不能用that做修飾詞。
例句:
This letter is from his parents, who are working in Tibet.
Englishi is an important subject, which every students should study well.
The building, in front of which sat a boy, was a school.


一、
定語(yǔ)從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明確;非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞的附加說明,去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思,它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開,例如:
This is the house which we bought last month. 這是我們上個(gè)月買的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮,是我們上個(gè)月買的。(非限制性)
2) 當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時(shí),其后的定語(yǔ)從句通常是非限制性的,例如:
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個(gè)漂亮的花園。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動(dòng)人,我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。

3) 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞, 對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時(shí)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù),例如:
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒抓住我的意思,這使我心煩。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?,這就叫做蒸發(fā)。
二、
從形式上看,限制性定語(yǔ)從句與其先行詞緊緊相連,兩者沒有停頓;非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞之間有逗號(hào)隔開。從意義上講,限制性定語(yǔ)從句用來(lái)修飾先行詞,兩者密不可分;而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句僅僅對(duì)先行詞作補(bǔ)充性敘述或說明,兩者關(guān)系不那么緊密。由于兩種定語(yǔ)從句存在著這些區(qū)別,一般來(lái)說,限制性定語(yǔ)從句多半譯成漢語(yǔ)的前置定語(yǔ),修飾其后的先行詞,非限制性定語(yǔ)從句則往往譯成后置的并列從句。that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。通常對(duì)定語(yǔ)從句處理如下:
(1) 限制性定語(yǔ)從句譯成前置定語(yǔ)
These neighborhoods frequently recreate much of the culture and the values of the nationality that makes up the majority of the population.
這些居民區(qū)經(jīng)常再現(xiàn)構(gòu)成大多數(shù)居民的大量民族文化和價(jià)值觀念。
(2) 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句譯成后置的并列分句
In almost all developing countries, economic development depends upon growth in export trade, which in turn creates jobs and raises living standards.
幾乎所有的發(fā)展中國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展都依賴于出口貿(mào)易的增長(zhǎng),而出口的增長(zhǎng)又有助于創(chuàng)造更多的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)和提高人民的生活水平。
但是,有時(shí)候因?yàn)橐馑忌系年P(guān)系,或者出于漢語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)上的考慮,要把限制性定語(yǔ)從句譯成后置的并列分句,而把非限制性定語(yǔ)從句譯成前置定語(yǔ)。
(3) 限制性定語(yǔ)從句譯成后置的并列從句
Each team plays ten or eleven games each season which begins in September and ends in November.
每個(gè)隊(duì)每賽季參加十到十一場(chǎng)比賽,每個(gè)賽季九月份開始,十一月份結(jié)束。
(4) 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句譯成前置定語(yǔ)
He appeared to be returning home from a walk, for his buckle shoes, which followed a fashion long since out of date, were covered with dust.
他好象是散步之后回家去,因?yàn)樗窃缫堰^時(shí)的扣鞋上布滿了灰塵。
(5) 有的定語(yǔ)從句,從意義上看實(shí)際相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句,表示原因,目的,結(jié)果,讓步等關(guān)系。這樣的定語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)譯出漢語(yǔ)的偏正復(fù)句,但是要加上相應(yīng)的連接詞以表明其與主句的關(guān)系。
Norway is, quite naturally, paying great attention to developments in Europe and in the Atlantic community, which are so instrumental to the maintenance of peace and security in our part of the world.
挪威自然十分關(guān)切歐洲和大西洋國(guó)家的發(fā)展,因?yàn)檫@些發(fā)展大大有助于維護(hù)世界上我們這一地區(qū)的和平和安全

說明:關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
三、下面是些例題,你做做看。
一、that不能用來(lái)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。如:

【考例一】She heard the terrible noise, ________brought her heart into her mouth.

A. it B. which C. this D. that

【解析】選B。后半句為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,盡管先行詞noise屬于事物,也不能用that而要用which來(lái)引導(dǎo)。which指代noise,在從句中作主語(yǔ)。

二、除which外,還可用when,where,whose,whom等引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,且各自的用法及差異與它們用在限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)相同。如:

Next month, when youll spend your summer holidays in your hometown, is approaching. 下個(gè)月即將來(lái)臨,屆時(shí)你們將在家鄉(xiāng)度暑假。(關(guān)系副詞when指代表示時(shí)間的名詞next month,并作從句的狀語(yǔ)。)

She is going to live in Macao, where she has some close friends. 她要到澳門去居住,在那里她有幾個(gè)密友。 (關(guān)系副詞where指代表示地點(diǎn)的名詞Macao,并在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。)

【考例二】Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, ________was very reasonable.

A. which price

B. the price of which

C. its price

D. the price of whose

【解析】選B。whose在從句中作表示所屬關(guān)系的定語(yǔ),既可指代人,也可指代物。指物時(shí),??赊D(zhuǎn)換為of which;指人時(shí)??赊D(zhuǎn)換為of whom。

【考例三】 In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 pm,______many people have gone home.

A. whose time B. that

C. on which D. by which time

【解析】 先行詞5:30 pm與time之間是一種同位關(guān)系,可用which來(lái)作定語(yǔ)替代。從句中的完成狀態(tài),常與by短語(yǔ)連用。故選D。

三、在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞不能省略。如:

He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother, whom he loved as his own mother. 他迫切地想到醫(yī)院去看望他的繼母,他把繼母當(dāng)自己的親媽媽一樣愛戴。

四、非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞which,既可以指代前面的先行詞,也可以指代前面整句的含義。如:

【考例四】 Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, of course,________made the others unhappy.

A. who B. which

C. this D. what

【解析】選B。指代“Dorothy總是高度評(píng)價(jià)自己在那場(chǎng)戲中所擔(dān)任的角色”的整個(gè)事件。

【考例五】Carol said the work would be done by October,________personally I doubt very much.

A. it B. that

C. when D. which

【解析】表示時(shí)間的名詞October,用“我個(gè)人非常懷疑”來(lái)修飾,意思不通。應(yīng)該修飾整個(gè)主句, 表示對(duì)“Carol說在十月前能做好這項(xiàng)工作”懷疑。故選D。

五、引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)as和which的差異:從句置于句首時(shí),非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能用as引導(dǎo),而置于句末時(shí),兩者都可以使用。 如:

【考例六】________is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.

A. It B. As C. That D. What

【解析】逗號(hào)表明為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。選B。

【考例七】________is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.

A. Which B. As

C. That D. It

【解析】答案為B。與考例六同理。

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