一)be動(dòng)詞。
1、be動(dòng)詞概說。(包括am, are, is) be ①連系動(dòng)詞,本身有詞義“是”,在句子中和其后的表語一起構(gòu)成謂語。e.g. I am tall.(表語) ②助動(dòng)詞,無詞義。e.g. He is playing football. 2、be動(dòng)詞的用法。 am → 主語是單數(shù)第一人稱(即I)。e.g. I am… be are → 單數(shù)第二人稱及所有復(fù)數(shù)。e.g. You are… The coats are… is → 單數(shù)第三人稱及不可數(shù)名詞。 e.g. Your father is… The money is… 3、否定句式(即改否定句):在be動(dòng)詞之后+not, 句子其它部位不變。 e.g. He is not a teacher. 4、縮寫形式。 ①主語+be,縮寫be第一個(gè)字母為 ’,再與主語合并。 e.g. you are → you’re Jack is → Jack’s ②be+not否定形式的縮寫,縮寫not中“o”為 ’, 再與be合并。 e.g. is not→isn’t are not→aren’t ③不能縮寫的情況:this is, these are, those are, am not及縮略的肯定回答。 e.g. Yes, I am. (I’m 誤) 5、含be動(dòng)詞句子的疑問句型轉(zhuǎn)換。 ①一般疑問句:將be動(dòng)詞提前,其它照抄不變,最后+?,讀升調(diào)。(一般第一人稱改為第二人稱) e.g. The man in the car is her father. → Is the man in the car her father? I’m a middle school student. → Are you a middle school student? ②一般疑問句的肯否定回答。 肯定回答: Yes, 主語+be. 否定回答: No, 主語+be+not. e.g. Is he old? Are you a new student? Is your father at home? Yes, he is. Yes, I am. Yes, he is. No, he is not.(isn’t) No, I’m not. No, he is not.(isn’t) 注意:①主語必須用代詞回答;②肯定回答不能縮寫;③回答第二人稱,用第一人稱回答。 ③特殊疑問句(就劃線部分提問)。 1) 方法:將句子被提問(即被劃線)的部分改為相對應(yīng)的疑問詞,然后置于句首,接著再將be動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞提前 (置于疑問詞之后),其它部分照抄不變,最后+?(即疑問詞+一般疑問句?) e.g. The man in a red cap is her brother. → Who is the man in a red cap? I can sing English songs. → What can you do? 2) 注意:①被提問部分不能再寫。 ②提問動(dòng)詞(即提問做某事),在改句子時(shí)注意還“do”,表示做什么? 3) 相應(yīng)的疑問詞。 1. 事物 → what e.g. That is a cat. → What is that? 2. 地點(diǎn) → where He is at home? → Where is he? 3. 人 → who The man is his father. → Who is the man? 4. 誰的 → whose The coat is his. → Whose is the coat? (提問名詞性物主代詞whose后不用帶物) That is Jack’s ball. → Whose ball is that? (提問形容詞性物主代詞whose后要帶物或人) 5. 怎樣(程度,方式) → how She’s fine. → How is she? He can go to school by bus. →How can he go to school? 6. 職業(yè) → what My father is a worker. → What is your father? 7. 年齡 → how old Our grandpa is 80. → How old is your grandpa? 8. 班級 → what class We are in Class 2, Grade 1. → What class are you in? 9. 數(shù)字 → what My phone number is 2212121→What’s your phone number? Page 1 10. 哪一個(gè) → which The boy in a blue shirt is Mike. → Which boy is Mike? (一般which用來提問定語,并且后要帶物或人) 11. 顏色 → what colour His car is yellow. → What colour is his car? 12. 數(shù)量 → how many+可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞 There are two books on the desk. → How many books are there on the desk? how much+不可數(shù)名詞 There is only a little water in the glass. → How much water is there in the glass? 13. 時(shí)間 → what time I can get there at six. → What time can you get there? when I can go with you on Sunday. → When can you go with me? 14. 價(jià)錢 → how much The bag is twenty yuan. → How much is the bag? (二)代詞: 1、代詞的形式
2、代詞的用法 ①動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者,代詞用主格,(一般在句首,動(dòng)詞前)。 e.g. He often writes to me. ②動(dòng)作的承受者,代詞用賓格,(一般在句末,動(dòng)詞后、介詞后)。 e.g. Let’s ask him. Let’s play with them. ③物的主人,用物主代詞。(即代詞所有格) 1)形容詞性物主代詞后一定要帶物,不能單獨(dú)使用,一般用在名詞前。 e.g. This is their classroom. That is my bike. It is her red coat. 2)名詞性物主代詞,相當(dāng)于形容詞性物主代詞+物。 e.g. The books are hers. (her books) The bike is his. (his bike) 3)形容詞性物主代詞與名詞性物主代詞之間的區(qū)別: 形容詞性物主代詞:后要帶物(即名詞)。It’s my pen. 名詞性物主代詞:后不帶物。 It’s mine. (因此填物主代詞應(yīng)注意判斷后有無帶物,有用形容詞性物主代詞,無即用名詞性物主代詞。) 4)名詞性物主代詞作主語,要注意be的形式。 e.g. These are not her pens. Hers are in the bag. (her pens) This is not our classroom. Ours is over there. (our classroom) 5)含形容詞性物主代詞與含名詞性物主代詞的句子可以轉(zhuǎn)換。(譯法稍有不同) e.g. This is her pen → This pen is hers. Those black cats are his. → Those are his black cats. 這是她的筆。 這筆是她的。 那些黑貓是他的。 那些是他的黑貓。 6)提問物主代詞用whose. e.g. This is my pen. → Whose pen is this? These pens are mine. → Whose are these pens? 注意:1. 提問形容詞性物主代詞,用Whose+物。 2. 提問名詞性物主代詞,用Whose. 3. Whose + be + 主語,be 根據(jù)主語判斷。 7)whose 句型的轉(zhuǎn)換。e.g. Whose coat is this? → Whose is this coat? (三)所有格:表示物或人的“所屬”關(guān)系。 1、名詞所有格的形式: ① 名詞之后直接+’s e.g. Mary―Mary’s Kate―Kate’s ② 以s結(jié)尾的名詞只加 ' e.g. students―students’ 2、以上形式一般只用于有生命的名詞,但也可用于表示時(shí)間、距離、國家、地點(diǎn)等無生命的名詞。 e.g. today’s newspaper; an hour’s walk; China’s city 3、注意: ①表示兩者或多者共有,在最后一個(gè)名詞+ ’s。 e.g. Mike and Jim’s room.(共用,用單數(shù)) Page 2 ②如果不是共有,指各有,則各詞都應(yīng)+’s。 e.g. Mike’s and Jim’s rooms. (各有,用復(fù)數(shù)) 4、表示無生命的名詞所有格用of短語表示,但注意詞序與漢語習(xí)慣不同,形式為:名詞+of+名詞(前者屬于后者)。 e.g. the door of the room. 那房間的門 the picture of my family. 我的家庭的照片 5、注意:有時(shí)’s 結(jié)構(gòu)可以轉(zhuǎn)化為of 短語。(對等) e.g. his father’s friends → the friends of his father. the girl’s new bike → the new bike of the girl. the dog’s name → the name of the dog 但不是所有of 結(jié)構(gòu)都有對等的’s結(jié)構(gòu)。因?yàn)?#8217;s 只用于有生命的詞。 (四)名詞的數(shù)。 1、名詞的概念:名詞是指表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念名稱的詞,如:teacher, school, morning, thanks, duty. 名詞 按其所表示的事物的性質(zhì)分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。 2、可數(shù)名詞。 1)可數(shù)名詞是指可以用數(shù)目計(jì)算是名詞,有單復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。 可數(shù)名詞包括個(gè)體名詞:e.g. apple , student. 集體名詞:e.g. class people 2)用法: ① 單數(shù)名詞前可用a, an修飾; ② 之前可以直接用數(shù)詞; ③ 之前可用a lot of, lots of,many, some等修飾; ④ 提問其數(shù)量用How many + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞; 3)可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式: 英語名詞復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種形式。 A 規(guī)則變化: ① 一般在單詞的結(jié)尾直接+s; e.g. book ― books ② 如果單詞以s, x, ch, sh等結(jié)尾,+es; bus ― buses ③ 若以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾,變y為i+es; city ― cities story ― stories ④ 以f或fe結(jié)尾,變f或fe為ves; wife ― wives knife ― knives ⑤ 以o結(jié)尾,有生命的+es e.g. tomatoes; 沒有生命的+s e.g. zoos; ⑥ 兩個(gè)名詞用在一起構(gòu)成合成名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),只把合成名詞的主體名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)。 e.g. banana trees ⑦ 但是以woman, man等名詞與其后面的名詞構(gòu)成合成名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),里面所含的成分全部要變成復(fù)數(shù)。 three women teachers B 不規(guī)則變化: ① 單復(fù)數(shù)同形 Chinese Japanese sheep fish (魚) ② 只作復(fù)數(shù) trousers clothes chips thanks people(人們) ③ 特殊變化: man―men woman―women foot―feet child―children policeman―policemen businessman―businessmen postman―postmen Englishman―Englishmen mouse → mice 3、不可數(shù)名詞。 1)不可數(shù)名詞是指不可以用數(shù)目計(jì)算是名詞,它一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。 不可數(shù)名詞包括物質(zhì)名詞:meat, milk. 抽象名詞:work, housework. 2)用法:① 不用a, an修飾; ② 不可直接用數(shù)詞表達(dá)其數(shù)量,其量的表達(dá)必須用量詞短語表示; 1. 數(shù)詞+容器+of e.g. a cup of tea 量的三種表達(dá) 2. 數(shù)詞+單位+of e.g. two kilos of rice 3. 其它+of e.g. some of bread 不可數(shù)名詞用該形式表達(dá)其數(shù)量,這些形式中的容器和單位都是可數(shù),有單復(fù)數(shù)形式,但無論是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù),of后的不可數(shù)名詞絕不能+s。 ③ 前面可用a lot of, lots of, much, some, a little等修飾; ④ 作主語時(shí),都視為單數(shù); ⑤ 提問其數(shù)量時(shí)用How much; e.g. How much money do you have? 3)表達(dá)不可數(shù)名詞數(shù)量常用的量詞短語。 a bowl of 一碗… a glass of 一杯… a bottle of 一瓶… a cup of 一杯… a bag of 一袋… a basket of 一籃… a piece of 一張…;一片…;一塊…;一則…;一首…; a box of 一盒… a kilo of 一公斤…;一千克… a pound of 一磅… Page 3 (五)There be結(jié)構(gòu),表示某地存在某物或某人。 There be +物/人+地點(diǎn)。 e.g. There is an apple on the tree. 引導(dǎo)詞 主語 引導(dǎo)詞 主語 1、be (are, is)的判斷。 根據(jù)主語,主語為單數(shù)或不可數(shù)用is, 主語為復(fù)數(shù)用are,但如果主語是多個(gè),就用就近原則判斷。 e.g. There is a pen, some books,… There are some books, a pen … 2、注意:not any/not a =no e.g. There are not any cats here = There are no cats here. There is not a cat here = There is no cat here. 3、There be句型改特殊疑問句: ① 提問主語(物)用:What is/are +地點(diǎn)?(注意去掉there) (人):Who is +地點(diǎn)? ② 問地點(diǎn):用Where is/are + the 主語?(應(yīng)特指) e.g. There are some cats under the bed. → Where are the cats?(將some→the,表特指) ③ 問可數(shù)物品的數(shù)量用how many + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞。 e.g. There is a cat under the bed. → How many cats are there under the bed? There are two glasses of water on the table. → How many glasses of water are there on the table? ④ 問不可數(shù)物品的數(shù)量用how much + 不可數(shù)名詞。 e.g. There is some water on the table on the table. → How much water is there on the table? 4、對于“how many, how much” there be 問句的回答:There are/is + 數(shù)量。 或: There is (only) one. e.g. How many glasses of water are there on the table? How much water is there on the table? There are four. / There is (only) one There is a little. 5、若是某人某物擁有,占有某物,應(yīng)用have/has表達(dá)。 e.g. He has a ruler. 他有一把尺子。The park has two lakes. 那公園有兩個(gè)湖。 (六)祈使句: 1、祈使句表示請求,命令,建議等,它沒有主語(其實(shí)是省略了主語you),以動(dòng)詞開頭,動(dòng)詞要用原形,句末用 “!”或“.”,讀降調(diào)。有時(shí)為了使語氣比較委婉,常在句首或句末加上please.在句末時(shí)要用逗號隔開。 e.g. Sit down, please! Let’s go to school. 2、祈使句的否定形式: ①一般在句首加Don’t. e.g. Throw it like this. → Don’t throw it like this. ②以Let開頭的祈使句的否定形式要視具體的否定部分來決定。否定let就在句首加Don’t,否定后面的不定式,就在不定式前加not. e.g. Don’t let him go out. Let’s not go there. (七)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 1. 意義:表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作;也可表示當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的活動(dòng)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 2. 構(gòu)成:be +現(xiàn)在分詞(v. +ing) 3. be動(dòng)詞由主語決定。 4. 現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成: ①動(dòng)詞直接+ing e.g. play — playing ②動(dòng)詞以重讀閉音節(jié)而且末尾只有一個(gè)輔音,雙寫末一字母+ing e.g. swim — swimming ③以不發(fā)音e結(jié)尾,去e+ing e.g. come — coming (八)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法: ①表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)或特征,謂語動(dòng)詞一般是be。 e.g. They are at work. She is very old. ②表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作,謂語動(dòng)詞一般是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。e.g. We go to school from Monday to Friday. ③表示主語具備的性格和能力。 e.g. I like swimming. Do you speak English? ④普遍真理。 e.g. Two plus four is six. The earth goes around the sun. 2、一般時(shí)態(tài)(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))的謂語形式。 ①動(dòng)詞be 的人稱變化: (略) ②實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的變化:主語為單數(shù)第三人稱,實(shí)義動(dòng)詞應(yīng)+s或es。(其變化類同于名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式) 主語為其他人稱時(shí),實(shí)義動(dòng)詞不變。 Page 4 3、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的句型變化。 1)be動(dòng)詞的句式:(略) 2)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的句式:改否定句及疑問句都應(yīng)借助助動(dòng)詞do或does。 (當(dāng)主語為單數(shù)第三人稱時(shí),用does, 同時(shí)應(yīng)將其后的謂語動(dòng)詞還原形)。 ① 改否定句:在實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前+don’t或doesn’t. e.g. We go to school on Sundays. → We don’t go to school on Sundays. He does his homework after supper. → He doesn’t do his homework after supper. ② 改一般疑問句:在句首添加Do或Does,其他照抄,最后加問號。 e.g. They speak English. → Do they speak English? He goes home at five every day. → Does he go home at five every day? ③ 一般疑問句的肯否定回答。 Yes, 主語do. No, 主語don’t. Yes, 主語does. No, 主語doesn’t. e.g. Do they speak English? Does he go home at five every day? Yes, they do. Yes, he does. No, they don’t. No, he doesn’t. ④ 改特殊疑問句:疑問代詞+一般疑問句?(do/does+其他?) e.g. I like to eat apple. What do you like to eat? He goes to school every day. Where does he go every day? 4、often, five days a week, every day, on Sundays, sometimes等表示頻度的狀語通常位于be動(dòng)詞之后,實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前, 若句子出現(xiàn)頻度副詞,通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 |
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