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考研英語寫作大攻略(一)
考研英語寫作大攻略(一)
第一章 評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及考生存在的問題分析
短文寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是根據(jù)內(nèi)容、文字、句子和用詞來制定的，近幾年的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下（供考生參考）：
寫作：1題，20分。
本題采用通篇分檔計(jì)分，計(jì)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下：
20－17分：內(nèi)容切題，包括題中所列三方面的內(nèi)容：清楚表達(dá)其內(nèi)涵，文字連貫；句式有變化，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞正確。文章長(zhǎng)度符合要求。
16－13分：內(nèi)容切題，包括題中所列三方面的內(nèi)容；比較清楚地表達(dá)其內(nèi)涵；文字基本連貫；句式有一定變化，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞無重大錯(cuò)誤。文章長(zhǎng)度符合要求。
12－9分：內(nèi)容切題，基本包括題中所列三方面的內(nèi)容：基本清楚地表達(dá)其內(nèi)涵；句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞有少量錯(cuò)誤。文章長(zhǎng)度符合要求。
8－5分：內(nèi)容基本功題，基本包含題中所列三方面的內(nèi)容；語句可以理解，但有較多的句子結(jié)構(gòu)和詞錯(cuò)誤。文章長(zhǎng)度基本符合要求。
4－1分：基本按要求寫作，但只有少數(shù)句子可理解。
0分：文不切題，語句混亂、無法理解。
從20份考卷抽樣分析，考生的寫作成績(jī)并不理想。要想寫出一篇高分作文須具備兩個(gè)條件：
一是扎實(shí)的英語語言基礎(chǔ)，二是掌握一定的寫作技巧。否則在40分鐘之內(nèi)完成一篇200字的優(yōu)秀作文是難以思議的。
●一篇好的作文應(yīng)基本達(dá)到：
1. 有較好的寫作基礎(chǔ)，文章流暢，遣詞造句不當(dāng)，文章結(jié)構(gòu)完整，內(nèi)容符合要求；
2. 語法基本正確；
3. 句法基本準(zhǔn)確，句子與句子段落之間過渡連貫；
4. 有一定詞匯量，字?jǐn)?shù)符合要求；
5. 說理清楚，內(nèi)容充實(shí)。
●一篇較差的作文表現(xiàn)為：
1． 文章不通順，無段落，無結(jié)構(gòu)，無明顯主題；
2． 出現(xiàn)很多基本語法錯(cuò)誤，拼寫錯(cuò)誤；
3． 詞匯量很小，詞不達(dá)意，缺乏英語表達(dá)能力；
4． 不像一篇文章，僅是把一些不連貫的詞語拼湊到一起。
通過對(duì)考生試卷所有作的抽樣分析，我們總結(jié)出考生主要存在一步到位問題：
1．不會(huì)審題。很多考生在著手做寫作題時(shí)并無審題和構(gòu)思的概念，有的擔(dān)心時(shí)間不夠，有的則是無從下筆，結(jié)果不是文不對(duì)題就是時(shí)間己過半，只好草草收?qǐng)觥?br>
2． 用漢語思維，逐字翻譯。有的考生對(duì)英語詞造句無把握，便用漢語構(gòu)思文章，同時(shí)將漢語句子硬譯英語，結(jié)果是非驢非馬，無法理解。
3．
用詞搭配不當(dāng)。英語語言是一大特點(diǎn)是其豐富的習(xí)慣用語和固定搭配，包括動(dòng)詞短語、介詞短語、形容詞短語等，例如（花費(fèi)很多時(shí)間做某事）“spend
much time in…”不能改成“take much time
in…”。詞與詞之間固定搭配是由歷史形成的，有的看起來不符合邏輯，但卻是地道用法。
4． 詞匯量小，拼寫困難。部分學(xué)生能在寫作中運(yùn)用的詞匯量太少，有的知道用法但拼寫不出來，結(jié)果 只能用中文取而代之，成績(jī)自然不會(huì)理想。
5． 句子邏輯關(guān)系混亂。部分考生因受漢語結(jié)構(gòu)的影響，對(duì)句子中主謂及狀語之間的位置安排不妥，造成邏輯混亂。例如：
Our English class often told stories.
應(yīng)改為：We often told stories in our English class.
6. 不會(huì)應(yīng)用關(guān)聯(lián)詞轉(zhuǎn)承上下句子和段落。關(guān)聯(lián)詞起過渡作用，使上下句子和段落合理，承上啟下，使表達(dá)合乎邏輯，同時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，文章緊湊。例如：
People lean English to use it , Some learn it so study or work abroad .
Others learn it to read books and magazines in English or have something
to do with English-speaking foreigners.采用適當(dāng)關(guān)聯(lián)詞，改進(jìn)為:people learn English
for practical purposes :some learn it to study or work abroad, while
others learn it to read or communicate in English.
7. 語法錯(cuò)誤。語法錯(cuò)誤主要表現(xiàn)為：
i. 分不清及物與不及物動(dòng)詞，例如：rise和raise; hear和listen等
ii. 被動(dòng)與主動(dòng)語態(tài)的誤用，例如：interesting和interested; speaking和spoken 等；
iii. 詞類混淆，將動(dòng)詞或形容詞誤作名詞用，將名詞和動(dòng)詞誤作形容詞用等；例如：benefit和beneficial; difficult和difficulty; pleasure和pleased等。
iv. 混淆可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞，例如:help, practice 等。
v. 冠詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、介詞、代詞等方面的錯(cuò)誤，例如：a English book, should did, must done等。
第二章 作文出題的題材類型
從歷年作文試題的出題范圍來分析，其題材一般均貼近生活，要求寫作的知識(shí)范圍均為考生所熟悉，容易取材，具有一定可寫性。但寫作形式均為控制性寫作，題材類型分為幾類：標(biāo)題作文、提綱作文、圖表作文、規(guī)定情景式作文及綜合型作文等。例如：
一、主題句作文
主句作文也稱為段首句作文，要求考生在每段所給主題句基礎(chǔ)上加以擴(kuò)展，完成段落，再由段落組成文章。主題句作文是目前較常用的一種出題方式，它不像一般正規(guī)文章那樣要求具有開頭段和結(jié)尾段，一般只給出三句主題句，所以屬于一種簡(jiǎn)單的三段式作文。
Example 1
Title: Dictionary……
(1) The dictionary is a living teacher
(2) Skills will develop with your constant use of various dictionaries. ……
(3) But you should have one thing in mind……
Dictionary
The dictionary is living teacher. Whenever you come across a new word,
just consult it and you will get a clear definition. Every student,
whether attending school or self-taught, should always have a dictionary
at hand. As a study aid, it is convenient, inexpensive and all-knowing.
Skills will develop with your constant use of various dictionaries The
more you use them, the more familiar you will become with them. Sooner
or later, you will be quite skilled in finding the page, scanning the
entries and locating the exact meaning of the new words.
But you should have one thing mind. As a language student, you should
never depend too much on dictionaries. Basic language skill do not come
from dictionaries, but from your practice. Learn the language by
listening, speaking, reading and writing more, and that is the only way
to the mastery of a language.
Example2
Title: The Computer
(1) The computer is a wonderful machine
(2) Computers play an important role in our life
(3) However, many scientists don’s think that computers will replace us completely.
The Computer
The computer is a wonderful machine. It is the most important invention in many years.
Today it is used a great deal in various fields. Especially, it is
useful in automatic control and data processing. And now it is finding
its way into the home.
Computers play an important role in our life. They can do most of
things people can do They can give you information on buying and selling
things. Provide you with suggestion of how to deal with certain illness
and how to solve the problems you are faced with. There is no doubt
that people can live much easier with the help of the computers.
However, many scientists don’t think that computers will replace us
completely. No matter how clever they may become, computers are no more
that an extension for human brain.
二、提綱式作文
提綱式作文為考生提供了題目與一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的寫作提綱，將考生的寫作控制在一定范疇。
它要求考生緊扣題目主題，并根據(jù)提綱提示的思路和要點(diǎn)展開段落。由于提供的寫作提綱一般也為三段，所以考生也可以按照三段式作文將簡(jiǎn)單的提綱展為主題句，再按照主題句作文的寫作方法將文章寫成。
Example
Title: The Telephone
Outline: 1. A useful tool
2. How to use it
3. The improvement of its use
The Telephone
The telephone is an efficient means of communication, which enables
people to talk with each other over long distances. If you are overseas
and your family is left behind, you may miss them now and then . Besides
fishing out their photos, you can dial a long distance call and send
your love to them. For business with another company, the telephone is
the most convenient means for you to turn to. It saves much of your
travel.
It is easy to learn how to use a telephone. First, take the receiver
off the hook. Then listen for the dial tone . You can begin to dial the
number you want when you hear a long steady signal. If you hear a rapid
series of very short tones after dialing, the phone is “busy”. Each town
has special emergency numbers for the fire department and police
station, which are often listed in the front of the telephone directory.
People have mdae much improvement in telephone. For example, they can
record telephone talks on tapes, use a radio telephone on a moving car
or see the speaker by using the vision telephone.
三、圖表式作文
圖表式作文可綜合提供題目、數(shù)據(jù)、圖像、提綱，形式多樣，是一種控制性和應(yīng)用性更強(qiáng)的作文的出題方式，從寫作類型來看，基本上屬于說明文?？忌獓@
題目并將有關(guān)信息轉(zhuǎn)化為文字形式，這要求考生具有一定數(shù)據(jù)分析和材料歸納的能力，同時(shí)運(yùn)用一定的寫作方法?？佳性囶}一般以三段式寫作方法來組織文章，第一
段總結(jié)歸納信息反映的總的情況，點(diǎn)出主題思想，第二段回答第一段所得出的問題，對(duì)數(shù)字、數(shù)據(jù)等信息作出有條理的分析比較，第三段作出總結(jié)或給以簡(jiǎn)單評(píng)論。
Example1
Directions: Write a composition no Changes in People’s Diet. Study the
following table carefully and your composition must be based on the
information giver in the table. Write three paragraphs to:
(1) State the changes in people’s diet in the past five years;
(2) Give possible reasons for the changes;
(3) Draw your own conclusions.
You should quote as few figures as possible.
Changes in People’s Diet
Diet is very important in people’s life . From 1987 to 1990. people’s
diet changed a lot . Grain was no longer regarded as the main food. And
as the proportion of fruit and vegetables declined, the consumption of
milk and meat increased.
What caused these changes? There are two reasons. One is that with the
development of science, people began to realize the importance of
maintaining a balanced diet. The other is that people had more money to
spend and could afford more expensive food. They tried to change their
low-priced diet into a more varied one. They were eager to build up a
strong body by improving their living standards.
With the development of our economy and the improvement of our food supply, further changes will take place in people’s diet.
Example2
Directions: Write a composition based on the charts of the average
family expenses in the United Stated. The opening sentence is given and
you are required to develop it into a full composition.
The opening sentence: The average family income in the United States
increased from 12,000 dollars per year in 1980 to 16,000 dollars in
1985.
The Average Family Expenses
The average family income in the United States has increased from
12,000 dollars per year in 1980 to 16,000 dollars in 1985. In the
meantime, the structure of the average family expenses has changed, too.
These graphs show the change clearly.
The biggest part of the average family expenses was housing. In 1980,
the average family spent 25 percent of its income on housing. In 1985,
expenses on housing rose to 32 percent. Food and drink were the second
biggest part of the average family expenses .In 1980, about 18% of the
average income was spent on this item. In 1985, the figure grew to 22%.
As a result of such increase in the expenses on housing and food,
expenses on other items have been reduced from 57% in 1980 to 46% in
1985.
Thus, a conclusion can be drawn that as income increases, people can
improve their living step by step. But still the average family has to
spend a large part of income to meet the essential needs.
四、規(guī)定情景式作文
情景式作文也是一種控制作文出題方式，它一般不給標(biāo)題，但規(guī)定了具體的情景，考生須從情景信息中找到所寫文章的中心思想，在此基礎(chǔ)上確定文章的標(biāo)題和
段落結(jié)構(gòu)。在寫作過程中，考生應(yīng)按照情景中規(guī)定的范圍和條件結(jié)合自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和知識(shí)來休會(huì)、想象和發(fā)展段落，但不能脫離情景自由發(fā)揮。要注意文章的發(fā)展必須
合乎邏輯情理，段落之間的銜接要連貫和自然。
Example
Situation: Students have different ways to spend their summer
vacations, and you decide to take your summer vacation with your family
in the countryside. Your feeling is quite different with the life in the
city, so you think about it deeply.
A. Time limit: 40 minutes
B. Word limit: no less than 150 words
C. You essay should be written on the ANSWER SHEET II
How I Spend My Summer Vacation
Our summer vacation begins on July 15th and lasts nearly two months.
Considering that my brain needs rest after a period of hard work, I,
together with my family, went to our countryside, a very small farmhouse
handed down from our forefathers, to spend the summer, Obviously, life
in the country is very different from that in the city.
Early in the morning I took a stroll along the field side. The air was
fresh and pure. With a dog following, sometimes I ran a race in the
meadows covered with tall grass. Sometimes I climbed up the hill to see
the sun slowly yet steadily emerge out of the eastern horizon. The birds
also seemed to have awakened from their dreams, twittering restlessly
among the bushes. In order to appreciate the quietness of the country, I
gave myself entirely to among the bushes. In order to appreciate the
quietness of the country, I gave myself entirely to nature, with a light
heart and a happy mind.
Sometimes in the afternoon I, in company with my cousins, took a rod
and went to the river to fish. It made the household happy when they saw
me returning with a basketful of large fresh fish. When night came, I
would sit at the door and tell the most marvelous and interesting
stories to my cousins, who listened to the tale of wonder with open eyes
and mouth.
I wish I could enjoy such calm, pure and beautiful rural life forever. |
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