定 語(yǔ) 從 句

（一） 知識(shí)概要 
定語(yǔ)從句并不屬于中考范圍，但由于作者在多年的教學(xué)中體會(huì)到，這一語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象影響了許多學(xué)生自學(xué)英語(yǔ)。這些學(xué)生一般是成績(jī)較好的學(xué)生，想進(jìn)行大量閱讀來(lái)提高自己的英語(yǔ)水平，但總是碰到一些問(wèn)題，百思不得其解?？嘤谧约旱乃街幌抻诔踔兴剑瑹o(wú)法提高，但各種補(bǔ)習(xí)班又都是為一些水平較差的學(xué)生開設(shè)的，所以又投師無(wú)門。為了解決這部分學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)困難，也為那些有志青年鋪平學(xué)習(xí)上的道路，特用這一節(jié)講述定語(yǔ)從句，不是從語(yǔ)法上講述，而是從閱讀理解方面去講述?？晒┩瑢W(xué)們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)時(shí)參考。這會(huì)對(duì)你的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)起到事半功倍的作用。對(duì)于形容詞我們已十分熟悉了，如： a good book， 形容詞 good 用來(lái)修飾書 book。 我們也可以用一個(gè)句子來(lái)修飾名詞，這種句子叫做形容詞性從句，它起修飾名詞的作用，又被叫做定語(yǔ)從句(The attributive clause)。但有一點(diǎn)不同的是這個(gè)從句不是像形容詞那樣放于名詞前，而是放在名詞之后。它所修飾的名詞又被叫作先行詞，如： Do you know the scientist who gave us the talk this afternoon? 這句中的主句是 Do you know the scientist? (你知道那位科學(xué)家嗎?)而 who gave us the talk this afternoon (他今天下午給我們作的報(bào)告。)是定語(yǔ)從句。所以這兩句話合為一體即是：你認(rèn)識(shí)今天下午給我們作報(bào)告的那位科學(xué)家嗎?這里 scientist 叫作先行詞，而 who 叫作定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞。 who 在定語(yǔ)從句中起主語(yǔ)的作用， who 的數(shù)與它的先行詞相同。又如： You must do everything that I do 這里先行詞是 everything， 而 that I do 是定語(yǔ)從句，此句應(yīng)譯為：你必須作我所作的一切。 that 叫作定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞，在句中作 do 的賓語(yǔ)。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞有關(guān)系代詞： that， which， who， whom， whose 和關(guān)系副詞 when， where， why， how。不論關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞，都應(yīng)放于先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句之間，起聯(lián)系作用，但它們都要在定語(yǔ)從句中起語(yǔ)法作用，充當(dāng)一個(gè)成份。如關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中不是作主語(yǔ)便是作賓語(yǔ)，而關(guān)系副詞則是作狀語(yǔ)。我們先來(lái)看關(guān)系代詞的用法。① that 的先行詞可以是人也可以是物。如： A plane is a machine that can fly 這里先行詞是 machine 而 that 是關(guān)系代詞，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。這句譯為：飛機(jī)是一種會(huì)飛的機(jī)器。又如： I like the book (that) you lent me yesterday 這里先行詞是 book， 關(guān)系代詞用 that， 它在定語(yǔ)從句中作 lend (借)的賓語(yǔ)。要注意的是關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略，即： I like the book you lent me yesterday② which 關(guān)系代詞的先行詞只能是物。它在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，如： The book shop is a shop which sells books 這里 shop 是先行詞， which 在從句中作主語(yǔ)。又如： The book (which) I read last night was wonderful 這里主句是 The book was wonderful 而定語(yǔ)從句是修飾主句的主語(yǔ) book， 即我昨晚讀的那本書，which 在定語(yǔ)從句中作 read 的賓語(yǔ)，可以省略。③ who， whom， whose who 在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)， whom 是 who 的賓格，在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)，而 whose 則是形容詞性物主代詞，在從句中作定語(yǔ)，如：The man who visited our school yesterday is an American friend 昨天參觀我們學(xué)校的人是一位美國(guó)朋友。 Who 在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。又如： Who's that woman (whom) you just talked to ? 你剛才與之談話的那個(gè)女人是誰(shuí)?而 whom 作定語(yǔ)從句中介詞 to 的賓語(yǔ)，可以省略，而在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中，句首的 whom 也常?？捎?who代替。This is our classmate， Mary， whose home is not far from our school 這是我們的同學(xué)瑪麗，她的家離我們學(xué)校不遠(yuǎn)。為了便于理解，我們來(lái)看看是如何將兩句話并為一句話的。
1．  I saw the man. He closed the door
I saw the man who (that) closed the door
2．  The girl is happy She won the race
The girl who won the race is happy
3．  The students are from China They sit in the front row
The students who sit in the front row are from China
(要注意的是先行詞是 students 則 who 的數(shù)也應(yīng)看作復(fù)數(shù)。)
4．  We are studying sentences They contain adjective dause
We are studying sentences that (which) contain adjective dause 
5．  The taxi driver was friendly He took me to the airport
The taxi driver who took me to the airport was friendly 
6．  The book was good I read it
The book that I read was good
The book I read was good 
7．  The people were very nice We visited them yesterday
The people we visited yesterday were very nice
8．  The man called the police His wallet was stolen
The man whose wallet was stolen called the police
9．  I come from a country Its history goes back thousands of years
I come from a country whose history goes back thousands of years
10．  I have to call the man I picked up his umbrella after the meeting
I have to call the man whose umbrella I picked up after the meeting
關(guān)系代詞 whom， which 在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以和介詞一起放于先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間，有時(shí)為了關(guān)系緊湊也可以將 whom 與 which 與先行詞緊挨著書寫，而將介詞置于定語(yǔ)從句的后面，如：
That was the room in which we had lived for ten years 或可以寫作：
That was the room which we had lived in for ten years
He was the man whom(who) you were looking for 要注意的是此句的關(guān)系代詞 whom 可以用主格取代，而 look for 是短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也不可將 for 放于定語(yǔ)從句之前。that 作關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能緊跟介詞，而只能將介詞置于定語(yǔ)從句的后面。如： The man that we were talking about has come to our school 這時(shí)不可用 about that … 請(qǐng)看下面例句：
1．  The meeting was interesting I went to it
The meeting that I went to was interesting 
2．  The man was very kind I talked to him yesterday
The man who I talked to yesterday was very kind
3．  I must thank the people I got a present from him
I must thank the people who I got a present from
4．  The picture was beautiful She was looking at it
The picture that (which) she was looking at was beautiful
5．  The man is standing over there I told you about him
The man who I told you about is standing over there

除關(guān)系代詞外，還有關(guān)系副詞， when， where， why， 其中 when用來(lái)指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如： I never forget the day when I first came to the Great Wall 而 where 則指地點(diǎn)，如： This is the house where the old man lives 請(qǐng)看下面例句：
1．  The city was beautiful We spent our vacation there
The city where we spent our vacation was beautiful

2．  That is the restaurant I will meet you there
That is the restaurant where I will meet you

3．  The town is small I grew up there
The town where I grew up is small

4．  That is the drawer I keep my newpapers there
That is the drawer where I keep my newspapers

5．  Monday is the day We will come then
Monday is the day When we will came

6．  7∶05 is the time My plane arrives then
7∶05 is the time when my plane arrives

7．  1960 is the year The revolution took place then
1960 is the year when the revolution took place

8．  July is the month The weather is usually the hottest then
July is the month when the weather is usually the hottest 
在定語(yǔ)從句中又可分為兩大類定語(yǔ)從句，即限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
① 限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語(yǔ)，如果去掉的話，主句的意思就不完整，意義就表述不明。這種句型一般定語(yǔ)從句緊接先行詞，如：I was the only person in my office who was invited
② 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。它與主句的關(guān)系不十分密切，只是對(duì)其附加說(shuō)明，也就是講即便去掉定語(yǔ)從句，句意也不受影響，仍然清晰明了。這樣的定語(yǔ)從句要在它和主句之間加一逗號(hào)分開。且關(guān)系代詞不引導(dǎo)這種非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，如： Abraham Lincoln， who led the United States through these years， was shot on April 14， 1865 at a theatre in washington D． C． 又如：Galileo lived in the city of Pisa， where there is a leaning tower about 180 feet high
（二） 正誤辨析 
〔誤〕 I won't tell you the name of the person who teach me English 
〔正〕 I won't tell you the name of the person who teaches me English 
〔析〕 在定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從它本身看不出其數(shù)的形式，這時(shí)要由它的先行詞決定。這里who 應(yīng)由 the person 單數(shù)決定，應(yīng)該用單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。又如：I who am a student want to find a spare time job這里的 who 應(yīng)與 I 是一致的，所以其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用am。
〔誤〕 We talked about the things and the people who we met during the Second World War 
〔正〕 We talked about the things and the people that we met during the Second World War 
〔析〕 這里的關(guān)系代詞不要用 who， 因?yàn)槠湎刃性~有兩個(gè)一個(gè)是 things (物)，而另一個(gè)是people (人)，這時(shí)既不可用 who， 又不可用 which， 因前者只能用于先行詞是人的情況下，而后者則用于先行詞是物的情況下，所以只能用 that， 因?yàn)樗南刃性~既可以是人又可以是物。
〔誤〕 The book， that I bought yesterday， was very good
〔正〕 The book， which I bought yesterday， was very good 
〔析〕 先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句被逗號(hào)分割開來(lái)時(shí)，即作為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中 which， when， who， whom， where， when， whose 等都可以和限制性定語(yǔ)從句中的作用一樣，而獨(dú)有 that 不易用于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
〔誤〕 The dictionary which I lent it yesterday is a very useful tool 
〔正〕 The dictionary which I lent yesterday is a very useful tool 
〔析〕 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中是要起語(yǔ)法作用的，它不是作主語(yǔ)就是作賓語(yǔ)。雖然在作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)它的位置由原來(lái)的賓語(yǔ)位置移到了句首，但它的作用依然存在，而且在原賓語(yǔ)位置上不能再出現(xiàn)賓語(yǔ)。
〔誤〕 The teacher I want to learn English from is the one which comes from America
〔正〕 The teacher I want to learn English from is the one who comes from America
〔析〕 the one， anyone， those 作代詞并且是指某人、物時(shí)，其關(guān)系代詞不能用 which 應(yīng)用 who。
〔誤〕 This is the room in that the old man lives 
〔正〕 This is the room in which the old man lives 
〔正〕 This is the room which the old man lives in 
〔正〕 This is the room that the old man lives in 
〔析〕 that 不能緊跟在介詞后作介詞賓語(yǔ)，但如果介詞不前置仍放于句尾，則可用 that 作引導(dǎo)詞，而且可以省略。如： This is the room the old man lives in
〔誤〕 I can do everything which is good for you 
〔正〕 I can do everything that is good for you 
〔析〕 在先行詞是 all， much， little， something， everything， anything， nothing， none， the one 等不定代詞時(shí)，雖然它們指的是物體，但不要用 which 而用 that 作定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞。
〔誤〕 The only thing which the students can do is studying hard 
〔正〕 The only thing that the students can do is studying hard 
〔析〕 在先行詞前有 only， any， few， little， no， all， one of 等詞修飾時(shí)，雖然先行詞指的是物，也不要用 which 作關(guān)系代詞，而要用 that。
〔誤〕 This is the first American film which I've ever seen 
〔正〕 This is the first American film that I've ever seen 
〔析〕 在先行詞是序數(shù)詞，或由序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)，其關(guān)系代詞不可用 which 這樣的用法還有在形容詞最高級(jí)修飾的先行詞之后，如： This is the best book that I have ever seen
〔誤〕 He is from Africa, that we can see from the colour of the skin 
〔正〕 He is from Africa, as we can see from the colour of the skin 
〔析〕 當(dāng) as 或 which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，它可能沒(méi)有明確的先行詞，它們所指代的是前面整個(gè)句子。如例題應(yīng)譯為他是從非洲來(lái)這個(gè)事情是可以從其膚色上看出的。