非謂語動詞經(jīng)典用法講解

★命題規(guī)律

1.考查立意較低，主要考查的是非謂語的一些最基本的用法。但是，題目的設(shè)置注重了情景化和結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜化，加大了考生對題干句的理解難度。

2．設(shè)問的角度呈現(xiàn)出多樣化趨勢，不僅僅是非謂語間的互相干擾。

★命題趨勢

不容置疑，高考將繼續(xù)加強對非謂語動詞的考查，試題的特征將繼續(xù)呈現(xiàn)出“情景化”和“設(shè)問角度的多樣化”的趨勢，但試題的難度將會有所控制。

★解題思路

① 解析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，確定設(shè)空在句子中充當(dāng)?shù)墓δ埽ㄈ鐮钫Z、定語或賓補）；

② 找準(zhǔn)相關(guān)動詞的邏輯主語，確定該動詞與邏輯主語是什么關(guān)系（主動還是被動）；

③ 搜索句子中相關(guān)的時間信息，確定非謂語動詞的恰當(dāng)形式；

④ 將該選項置入空中，看是否能夠做到字從意順，或是否能傳達(dá)有效信息、完成交際任務(wù)。

★分詞、不定式作賓補用法要點

一、分詞、不定式作賓語補足語的區(qū)別

1．感官動詞see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice 等和使役動詞have 后面的賓補有三種形式，即原形動詞（不帶to 的不定式）、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞?，F(xiàn)在分詞表主動或正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞表被動或完成，動詞原形表主動和完成。如：

I heard her sing an English song just now.

剛才我聽見她唱了一首英文歌。

I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.

昨天經(jīng)過她房間時，我聽見她在唱英文歌。

I heard the English song sung many times.

我多次聽到有人唱這首英文歌。

注意：不及物動詞的過去分詞作賓補表完成和狀態(tài)。如：

I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone. (狀態(tài))

I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much. (完成)

2．leave 后接三種形式作賓補時，其中的leave 保留了原來之義“留下”，但表達(dá)的確切之義應(yīng)是“使……處于某種狀態(tài)）。

leave sb. doing sth. 讓某人一直做某事（賓語和賓補之間是主謂關(guān)系，表示動作正在進(jìn)行。）

leave sth. undone 留下某事未做（賓語和賓補之間是動賓關(guān)系，表示被動和完成，一般以undone, unfinished, unsettled, untouched 為多）

leave sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事

leave sth. to be done 留下某事要做（不定式表示將來的動作。）

如：It’s wrong of you to leave the machine running.

你讓機(jī)器一直開著是不對的。（主動，正在進(jìn)行）

The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didn’t taste delicious.

客人們沒有動大部分菜，因為它們嘗起來不可口。（被動，完成）

He left, leaving me to do all the rest work.

他走了，留下我一人去做剩余的工所有工作。（主動，將來）

We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled.

我們匆匆忙忙地結(jié)束了會議，留下了很多問題等待解決。（被動，將來）

3．have, get 后接三種形式作賓補時，其中have, get 表示“使、讓、叫”之意。

① have sth. done = get sth. done “使/讓某事由別人去做”（叫/讓某人做某事）。如

I’ll have /get my bike repaired tomorrow.

此外，have sth. done 還表示“使遭受……”之意。如

Tom had his leg broken while playing football.

Mr. Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.

② have sb. / sth. doing 使/讓某人/物持續(xù)地做某事（現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動，正在進(jìn)行）

get sb. / sth. doing 使某人/物開始行動起來

如：The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the harvest time.

農(nóng)忙時，農(nóng)民們讓拖拉機(jī)夜以繼日地干活。

The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.

休息了片刻之后，上尉讓士兵們開始朝前線行進(jìn)起來。

注意：“have sb. doing”若用于否定句中，其中have 有“容忍”之意。如：

I won’t have you speaking to your parents like that.

我不會讓你那樣子跟你的父母說話。

Don’t have the water running all the time. 不要讓水流個不停。

③ have sb. do sth. (get sb. to do sth. ) 使/讓/叫某人去做某事

如：Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.

I can’t get him to stop smoking. He won’t listen to me.

二、下列動詞后跟帶to 的不定式作補語：

advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, like, love, order, persuade, prefer, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, 等。如：

① An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered to issue clear warning before firing any shots.

② The teacher asked us not to make so much noise.

③ The flu is believed to be caused by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.

三、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補小竅門

下列動詞后在主動語態(tài)中用不帶to 的不定式作補語，但在被動語態(tài)中要加上to：

它們是“吾看三室兩廳一感覺”——5看（look at, see, watch, notice, observe）；3使（make, let, have）；2聽（listen to, hear）；1感覺（fell）。以上動詞還可用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語（5+3+2+1-2+4）：即以上動詞除let, make 外都可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語，此外find, catch, keep, have 也可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語。

如：At that time, I found him crying in the street.

He was caught stealing. I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.

The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.

★不定式、分詞作定語用法要點

一、不定式作定語

1．作定語的不定式如果是不及物動詞，或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點、工具等，不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。如：

The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.

There is nothing to worry about.

Please give me a knife to cut with.

Here is some paper for you to write on.

但是，不定式所修飾的名詞如果是time, place 或way時，不定式后面的介詞習(xí)慣上省去。如：He had no money and no place to live (in).

We found a way to solve this problem (in).

2．當(dāng)作定語的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的承受者時，不定式既可以用主動語態(tài)，也可用被動語態(tài)，但其含義有所不同。試比較：

Have you anything to send ? 你有什么東西要寄嗎？（不定式to send 的動作執(zhí)行者是“你”）

Have you anything to be sent ? 你有什么要（我或別人）寄的東西嗎？

（不定式to be sent 的動作執(zhí)行者是“我”或“別人”）

3．用不定式作定語的幾種情況：

不定式表將來：

I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.

用來修飾被序數(shù)詞、最高級或no, all, any 等限定的中心詞。如：

He was the best man to do the job.

She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.

Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboats.

用來修飾的詞是抽象名詞時，常見的有：ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time 等。如：

Do you have the ability to read and write English ?

I have a chance to go sight –seeing.

二、分詞作定語

1．作定語的及物動詞分詞形式為：V –ing; being + 過去分詞；當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與分詞為主動關(guān)系時，用V –ing；當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與分詞為被動關(guān)系且表正在進(jìn)行時，用being + 過去分詞；當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與分詞為被動關(guān)系且表完成時，用過去分詞。例如：

The houses being built are for the teachers.

The broken glass is Tom’s.

I have never seen a more moving movie.

2．作定語的不及物動詞分詞形式為：V –ing 和過去分詞。V –ing 表示正在進(jìn)行；過去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成。如：

falling leaves 正落的葉子           fallen leaves 落下的葉子

boiling water 正沸騰的水           boiled water 沸騰過的水（白開水）

三、不定式、過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞被動式作定語的區(qū)別

這三種形式作定語，主要是體現(xiàn)在動作的發(fā)生時間上。過去分詞表示的動作或是在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，或是沒有一定的時間性。如：

Have you read the novel written by Dickens ?

He is a man loved and respected by all.

Don’t use words, expression_r_rs, or phrases known only to people with specific knowledge.

現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式作定語時表示的動作正在發(fā)生或是與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生。如：Listen ! The song being sung is very popular with the students.

不定式的被動式作定語時，表示一個未來的動作。

如：The question to be discussed at the tomorrow’s meeting is a very important one.

★不定式、動名詞作賓語用法要點

一、下面動詞只能用不定式作賓語，請牢記下列小詩：

決心學(xué)會想希望，拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝。

主動答應(yīng)選計劃，同意請求幫一幫。

Decide / determine, learn, want, expect / hope / wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask / beg, help

此外，afford, strive（斗爭） 等也要用不定式作賓語。例如：

① She pretended not to see me when I passed by.

② We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.

③ In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving to make their products more competitive.

二、下列動詞只能用動名詞作賓語，請牢記下列小詩：

考慮建議盼原諒，承認(rèn)推遲沒得想。避免錯過繼續(xù)練，否認(rèn)完成停欣賞，不禁介意準(zhǔn)逃亡。

consider / suggest / advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon, admit, delay/ put off, fancy, avoid, miss, keep / keep on, practise, deny, finish, enjoy / appreciate, can’t help, mind, allow / permit, escape, imagine, forbid, risk

此外be used to, look forward to, lead to, devote to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, can’t stand (無法忍受), give up, feel like, insist on, put off, thank you for, apologize for, be busy (in), have difficulty / trouble (in), have a good / wonderful /hard time (in)等動詞詞組也要用動名詞作賓語。

① The squirrels was lucky that they just missed being caught.

② I can hardly imagine Peter sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.

③ I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon.

三、下列動詞或詞組既可以跟動名詞作賓語，也可以跟不定式作賓語，但意義上有區(qū)別，要特別注意。

1. forget to do sth. 忘記去做某事        forget doing sth.   忘記已經(jīng)做過某事

remember to do sth. 記住去做某事         remember doing sth. 記得曾經(jīng)做過某事

regret to do sth. 后悔/遺憾去做某事      regret doing sth. 后悔做過某事

stop to do sth. 停下來去做另一件事       stop doing sth. 停止做一件事情

try to do sth. 努力/試圖做某事           try doing sth. 嘗試著做某事

mean to do sth. 意欲/想/企圖做某事       mean doing sth. 意味著做某事

go on to do sth. (做完某事)接著做另一件事 go on doing sth.繼續(xù)做同一件事(=go on with sth.)

can’t help to do sth. 不能幫助做某事      can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁地做某事

2．動詞like, love, prefer 后接不定式或動名詞作賓語均可。如表示經(jīng)常性的行為可用動名詞，如表示具體的行為常用動詞不定式。但要注意：如果like, love, prefer 前有would /should 后面則應(yīng)接動詞不定式。如：

I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim this afternoon.

I’d like to go swimming this weekend.

3．在動詞allow, advise, forbid, permit 后直接跟動名詞形式作賓語，如果后面有名詞或代詞作賓語，其后用動詞不定式作賓語補足語。即：

allow / advise /forbid / permit doing sth.

allow / advise /forbid / permit sb. to do sth.

如：We don’t allow smoking here.

We don’t allow students to smoke.

4．動詞need, require, want 作“需要”解時，其后必須用動名詞的主動形式或不定式的被動形式作賓語，表示事情需要做。這時動名詞的主動式表示被動意義。be worth 后必須用動名詞的主動形式表示被動意義。此外，若動詞need 表“需要”，require 表“要求”，want 表“想要”這些意義時，其后須接名詞或代詞作賓語，然后接不定式作賓語補足語。即：

need / require / want doing / to be done

need / require / want sb. to do sth.

be worth + n. (表示錢數(shù)或相當(dāng)于錢數(shù)的名詞)       

be worth doing                    be worthy of being done      

be worthy of + n. 值得……        be worthy to be done

如：The window needs / requires / wants cleaning.

The window needs / requires / wants to be cleaned.

窗戶需要擦一下。

The place is worth visiting.

The place is worthy of a visit.

The place is worthy of being visited.

The place is worthy to be visited.

那個地方值得一去。

如：① only one of these books is worth reading.

② — What do you think of the book ?

— Oh, excellent, It’s worth reading a second time.

四、動詞不定式作動詞tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss, ask, decide, wonder, find out 等詞的賓語時，前面常帶wh – 引導(dǎo)詞。即how, what, whether, where, when, who 等 + to do。但why + 不帶to 的不定式。

注意此用法的不定式的邏輯主語需與主句的主語或賓語保持一致，否則用賓語從句。例如：

He showed us how to do the work. ( = He showed us how we should do the work.)

I don’t know what to do. ( = I don’t know what I’ll do.)

Can you tell me why do it ?

五、動詞不定式在介詞but, other than 后面時，如果介詞之前有行為動詞do 的某種形式，那么介詞后的不定式不帶to，否則就要帶to。另外在can’t choose but, can’t help but, can’t but 后面的不定式也要省略to。如：

We could do nothing but / other than wait.

We had nothing to do but / other than wait.

We have no choice but to wait.

I can’t choose but laugh.

★不定式、分詞作狀語用法要點

一、不定式作狀語

He sat down to have a rest. (表目的)

They went there to visit their teacher. 他們?nèi)ツ抢锇菰L老師。（表目的）

He woke up only / just to find everybody gone. 他醒來發(fā)現(xiàn)大家都走了。（表示結(jié)果）

My grandmother lived to see the liberation of China.

我祖母活到親眼見到中國解放。（表示結(jié)果）

在某些形容詞作表語，表示喜、怒、衷、樂后跟不定式表示原因。如：

I am very glad to see you. 我非常高興地見到你。

I am so sorry to hear your mother is ill. 聽到你母親生病真遺憾。

在帶有enough 或too的句子里，也常用不定式作狀語，表示程度。如：

He was too excited not to say a few words.

他太激動了，不會不講幾句話的。

He is old enough to go to school. 他到上學(xué)年齡了。

She is too tired to do the job. 她太累而不能做那件工作了。

注意：強調(diào)動詞不定式所表示的目的時，動詞不定式可用in order to (為了) 或so as to (以便) + 動詞原形。so as to 不用于句首。

He got up early in order to catch the first bus. 他早起為了趕上第一班車。

The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers. 汽車停下來以便接納乘客。

To look at him, you would like him. (表條件)

To tell you the truth, I have got no money about me.

To be honest, I know nothing about it. (修飾全句，獨立成分)

二、分詞作狀語       

1．分詞作狀語的基本原則

分詞作狀語時，分詞的邏輯主語必須與句子的主語保持一致。

分詞作狀語必須和句中主語含有邏輯上的主謂或動賓關(guān)系，否則不能使用分詞作狀語。

2．分詞作狀語的句法功能

分詞或分詞短語作狀語時，可以表時間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、行為方式、伴隨狀況等。表示時間關(guān)系的分詞短語有時可由連詞while 或when 引出。如：

Hearing the news, they got excited. (時間)

Be careful while / when crossing the street. (時間)

Having been bitten by a snake, she was frightened at it. (原因)

Given a chance, I can surprise the world. (條件)

The cup dropped to the ground, breaking into pieces. (結(jié)果)

Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. (讓步)

The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. (伴隨狀況)

3．獨立成分作狀語

有些分詞短語，其形式的選擇不受上下文的影響，稱作獨立成分。常見的有：

Generally speaking … 一般說來       Frankly speaking … 坦白地說

Judging from … 根據(jù)……來判斷     Considering … 考慮到……

To tell you the truth … 說實話

★非謂語動詞其它用法

一、疑問詞 + 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)

疑問詞（who, which, when, where, how, what等）+ 不定式，這個結(jié)構(gòu)在句中起名詞作用，可充當(dāng)主語、表語、賓語。如：

I didn’t know what to do. (賓語)

When to hold the meeting is not known yet. (主語)

My question was how to get so many books. (表語)

注意句型：Why not do sth. ? Why do sth. ?

二、不定式的主動和被動

1．不定式修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系時，不定式往往用主動形式。如：

Do you have a knife to cut the watermelon ? (A knife cuts the watermelon.)

2．不定式和它前面被修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，又和該句主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時，不定式常用主動形式。如：

She has a sister to look after. (She looks after her sister.)

I know what to do. (I do what.)

3．不定式作表語形容詞的關(guān)語，和句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系時，不定式多用主動形式，這是因為人們往往認(rèn)為形容詞后省去了for sb. 。如：

This book is difficult to understand.

This kind of fish is nice to eat.

4．在there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)說話人考慮的是必須有人去完成某件事時，不定式用主動形式；如果說話人強調(diào)的事情本身必須被完成，則用被動形式。如：

There is a lot of work to do. (Someone has to do the work. )

There is a lot of work to be done. (The work has to be done. )

請注意下面兩個句子的含義的不同點：

There is nothing to do. (無事可做，感到十分乏味。)

There is nothing to be done. (某東西壞了，無法使之恢復(fù)正常。)

三、不定式符號to 的保留問題

有時為了避免重復(fù)，可以用to 來代替前面的不定式，這種情況出現(xiàn)在下列動詞之后：expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, care, forget, want, try；或出現(xiàn)在be glad / happy, would like / love 等的后面。

如果在省略的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中含有：be, have, have been，這些詞要保留。如：

I haven’t been to Hong Kong, but I wish to.

— Are you on holiday ?

— No, but I’d like to be.

— I didn’t tell him the news. 我沒有告訴他那個消息。

— Oh, you ought to have. 噢，你本應(yīng)該告訴他的

四、動名詞作主語

動名詞或不定式都可以在句中作主語，但在下列句型中常用動名詞作主語。

It is / was no use / good + doing sth.

It is / was not any use / good + doing sth.

It is / was of little use / good + doing sth.

It is / was useless

如：It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水難收。

It is of little good staying up too late every day.

每天都熬夜沒有什么好處

若主語和表語都是非謂語動詞，應(yīng)保持形式上的一致。

Seeing is believing.

To see is to believe.

眼見為實。

五、注意以下表達(dá)的意義區(qū)別

falling leaves 正在下落的樹葉           fallen leaves 已經(jīng)落下的樹葉

boiling water 沸騰的水                 boiled water 燒開過的水

developing countries 發(fā)展中國家         developed countries 發(fā)達(dá)國家

I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim this afternoon.

Her job is giving piano lessons to children, but this Sunday her job is to teach the children how to dance.

The girl let out a frightened cry at the sight of the snake. (The girl was frightened. )

看到蛇，女孩尖叫起來。

His frightening shout scared the boys again.

The shout was frightening and the boys felt frightened. 他大吼一聲把那幫男孩給嚇跑了。

類似的還有：

an exciting voice 令人興奮的聲音       an excited voice 興奮的聲音

a puzzling look 令人迷惑不解的表情     a puzzled look 困惑的表情